LIBRARY 

UNiVL.,S!TY   OF 
CALIFORNIA 

SAN  DIEGO 


REPORT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 
LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION 


BOARD 

OF 
"    LADY    MANAGERS 

OF   THE 
LOUISIANA   PURCHASE 

EXPOSITION 

AUTHORIZED   BY  ACT  OF 
CONGRESS 

MARCH   III    MDCCCCI 

*  *  * 

REPORT  TO  THE 
LOUISIANA  PURCHASE 

EXPOSITION 
COMMISSION 


COPYRIGHT  1905  BY  BOARD   OF  LADY  MANAGERS  LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION 
ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


CONTENTS 

LETTER  OF   TRANSMITTAL    OF    REPORT    OF    THE 
BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS  TO  THE  LOUISIANA 

PURCHASE  EXPOSITION  COMMISSION 1 

HISTORICAL  DATA 3 

EXTRACT  FROM  ACT  OF  CONGRESS  OF  MARCH  3, 

1901,  CREATING  THE  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS       14 
ORDER    OF   APPOINTMENT    OF    MEMBERS    OF  THE 

BOARD .     .     .    .       15 

PRESENT  OFFICERS  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THE  BOARD       17 
STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF   THE   BOARD  ....       19 

SPECIAL  COMMITTEES   OF  THE   BOARD 21 

INTRODUCTION 23 

FIRST   MEETING  OF   BOARD   OF  LADY  MANAGERS, 

SEPTEMBER  30,   1902 25 

ADDRESS  BY  HON.  THOMAS  H.  CARTER 25 

ADDRESS  BY  HON.  DAVID  R.  FRANCIS 30 

RECEPTION  BY  LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION  COM- 
PANY TO  THE  BOARD 33 

ELECTION  OF  FIRST  PRESIDENT  AND  OTHER  OFFICERS 
OF  THE  BOARD  OCTOBER  1, 1902 33 

RESOLUTION    ADOPTED   BY    THE    BOARD    CONCERNING 
"PIKE"  FEATURES,  OCTOBER  1,  1902 34 

RESOLUTION    OF   NATIONAL    COMMISSION    CONCERNING 
NUMBER  OF  MEMBERS  OF  THE  BOARD,  OCTOBER  2,  1902      34 

APPOINTMENT  OF  COMMITTEES  BY  THE  BOARD    ....      35 
SECOND  MEETING  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS, 

NOVEMBER  17,  1902 35 

PROPOSITION  IN  REGARD  TO  A  BUILDING  FOR  THE  BOARD      35 


vi  CONTENTS 

ELECTION  OF  EIGHTH  VICE-PRESIDENT,  NOVEMBER  19, 
1902 36 

SECOND  SPEECH  BY  PRESIDENT  CARTER,  NOVEMBER  19, 
1902 36 

RESOLUTIONS  PRESENTED  BY  THE  BOARD  TO  THE  EXPO- 
SITION COMPANY  THROUGH  THE  NATIONAL  COMMISSION, 
NOVEMBER  20,  1902 38 

LETTER  OF  PRESIDENT  CARTER  ACKNOWLEDGING    RE- 
CEIPT OF  RESOLUTION,  NOVEMBER  29,  1902    ....       40 
THIRD  MEETING  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS, 

FEBRUARY  16,  1903 42 

HALL  OF  PHYSICS  BUILDING  OFFERED  FOR  USE  OF  THE 
BOARD  AND  ACCEPTED  FEBRUARY  16,  1903  ....  42 

APPROPRIATION  OF  $3000  FOR  INCIDENTAL  EXPENSES  OF 

THE  BOARD,  FEBRUARY  16,  1903 42 

RECEPTION   BY    BOARD    OF    LADY    MANAGERS    IN 
WASHINGTON    TO    DAUGHTERS    OF    AMERICAN 

REVOLUTION,  FEBRUARY  26,  1903 43 

COMMITTEE  MEETING  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MAN- 
AGERS, MARCH  11, 1903 44 

CONFERENCE  OF  THE  NATIONAL  COMMISSION  AND  COM- 
MITTEES OF  THE  BOARD,  MARCH  11,  1903 44 

ANSWER  OF  PRESIDENT  CARTER  AT  CONFERENCE    ...       44 
FOURTH  MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  LADY  MAN- 
AGERS, APRIL  28,   1903 47 

ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  THE  DEATH  OF  MRS.  WASHINGTON 
A.  ROEBLING 47 

ADOPTION  OF  RULES  AND  REGULATIONS,  APRIL  28,  1903      47 

DEDICATION  EXERCISES 51 

RESOLUTION  APPOINTING  COMMITTEE  TO  ASK  FOR  AP- 
PROPRIATION FROM  CONGRESS,  MAY  2,  1903  ....  53 

APPOINTMENT  OF  STANDING  COMMITTEES,  MAY  2,  1903  .       54 

RECEPTION  BY  WEDNESDAY  CLUB  OF  ST.  Louis  TO 
THE  BOARD  .  .  ,  54 


CONTENTS  vii 

FIFTH  MEETING  OF  BOARD   OF  LADY  MANAGERS, 

DECEMBER  15,   1903 55 

LETTER  OF  RESIGNATION  OF  MRS.  JAMES  L.  BLAIR  READ 
DECEMBER  15,  1903,  AND  RESOLUTION  OF  REGRET 

ADOPTED 55 

SECOND  ADDRESS  OF  PRESIDENT  FRANCIS  TO  THE  BOARD, 
DECEMBER  15,  1903 56 

RESOLUTION  ADOPTED  ASKING  THE  NATIONAL  COMMIS- 
SION TO  SUSPEND  RULE  LIMITING  APPOINTMENT  ON 

BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS,  DECEMBER  16, 1903     .     .       59 

REPLIES  OF  PRESIDENT  CARTER 60 

ELECTION  OF  MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING  AS  PRESIDENT  OF 
BOARD,  DECEMBER  16,  1903 61 

MEETING  OF  THE  NATIONAL  COMMISSION  AND  THE  BOARD, 
AND  SPEECHES  BY  SENATORS  CARTER,  LINDSAY,  AND 
THURSTON,  DECEMBER  16,  1903 62 

RESIGNATION  OF  MRS.  HANGER  AS  SECRETARY  OF  BOARD 
AND  ELECTION  OF  Miss  EGAN  AS  SECRETARY,  DECEM- 
BER 17,  1903 72 

RECEPTION  BY  WOMAN'S  CLUB  OF  ST.  Louis  TO  THE 
BOARD,  DECEMBER,  1903 ^.  .  72 

APPOINTMENT  OF  NEW  LEGISLATIVE  COMMITTEE,  DE- 
CEMBER 18,  1903 73 

SIXTH   MEETING  OF  BOARD   OF  LADY  MANAGERS, 

MARCH   1,  1904 74 

RESOLUTION  OF  THANKS  TO  LEGISLATIVE  COMMITTEE, 
MARCH  1,  1904 74 

REMARKS  OF  HON.  DAVID  R.  FRANCIS,  MARCH  2,  1904       75 

LETTERS  OF  NOTIFICATION  OF  TRANSFER  OF  FUNDS, 
MARCH  5,  1904 80 

EXTRACT  FROM  URGENT  DEFICIENCY  BILL  APPROPRIAT- 
ING FUNDS  TO  THE  BOARD 81 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  LEGISLATIVE  COMMITTEE     .     .       82 


viii  CONTENTS 

EXECUTIVE  ORDER  OF  PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  AS 
TO  INFORMATION  REGARDING  THE  EMPLOY- 
MENT OF  WOMEN  IN  THE  GOVERNMENT  DE- 
PARTMENTS    89 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK       98 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  FOREIGN  RELA- 
TIONS   118 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  HOUSE  FUR- 
NISHING   123 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  WOMEN'S  CON- 
GRESSES   131 

SEVENTH  MEETING  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANA- 
GERS, APRIL  28,  1904 134 

OPENING  EXERCISES  OF  THE  EXPOSITION 134 

EIGHTH  MEETING  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS, 

JULY  14,  1904 135 

RESOLUTION  APPROPRIATING  FUND  TO  DAY  NURSERY, 
MODEL  PLAY-GROUND,  AND  LOST  CHILDREN  CONCES- 
SION    135 

NEW  SECRETARY  APPOINTED 135 

NINTH    MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  LADY  MAN- 
AGERS, SEPTEMBER  20,  1904 136 

RECONFIRMATION  OF  DEPARTMENTAL  JURORS     ....  136 

REPRESENTATION  OF  WOMEN  ON  JURIES  OF  AWARD  138 

RESOLUTION  IN  REGARD  TO  AWARDS,  APRIL  29,  1903  .     .  140 
REPORT  FROM  CHAIRMAN  OF  COMMITTEE  OF  AWARDS, 

MARCH  1,  1904 141 

SPECIAL  RULES  AND  REGULATIONS  GOVERNING  AWARDS  143 

QUESTIONS  TO  JURORS  APPOINTED  BY  THE  BOARD  ...  147 

REPORTS  OF  GROUP  JURORS 150 

Miss  ANNA  TOLMAN  SMITH 150 

Miss  ANNA  G.  MACDOUGAL 163 

Miss  MART  BOTCE  TEMPLE ....  166 

MBS.  E.  H.  THAYER 18Q 


CONTENTS  ix 

Miss  HOPE  FAIRFAX  LOUGHBOROUGH 181 

Miss  MARY  SOLARI 185 

MRS.  ELIZABETH  ST.  JOHN  MATTHEWS 193 

Miss  ROSE  WELD 197 

MRS.  EUGENE  FIELD 199 

Miss  FRANCES  B.  JOHNSTON 200 

MRS.  HORACE  S.  SMITH 200 

MRS.  W.  M.  WOOLWINE 201 

MRS.  R.  A.  EDGERTON       205 

MRS.  ISAAC  BOYD 206 

MRS.  F.  K.  BOWES 207 

MRS.  A.  G.  HARROW 219 

MRS.  E.  D.  WOOD 220 

MRS.  WILLIAM  S.  MAJOR 222 

Miss  MARGARET  SUMMERS 223 

MRS.  W.  H.  FELTON 226 

MRS.  E.  L.  LAMB 229 

MRS.  F.  H.  PUGH 230 

Miss  CAROLYN  HEMPSTEAD  (now  MRS.  C.  M.  F.  RILEY) 238 

MRS.  M.  B.  R.  DAY 236 

Miss  ALICE  C.  FLETCHER 237 

MRS.  ALICE  PALMER  HENDERSON 239 

Miss  CORA  PETERS 242 

MRS.  ZELIA  NUTTALL 243 

Miss  CAROLINE  GREISHEJMEH 244 

Miss  MARGARET  WADE 255 

Miss  JANE  ADDAMS 256 

Miss  MARY  E.  PERRY 258 

MRS.  E.  P.  TURNER  (succeeded  by  MRS.  CONDE  HAMLIN)      ....  262 

REPORTS  OF  DEPARTMENT  JURORS 264 

MRS.  W.  E.  FISCHEL 264 

MRS.  H.  A.  LANGFORD 266 

Miss  THEKLA  M.  BERNAYS 267 

Miss  EDITH  J.  GRISWOLD 271 

Miss  HOPE  FAIRFAX  LOUGHBOROUGH 274 

Miss  ROSE  WELD 275 

MRS.  RICHARD  P.  BLAND 276 

MRS.  IDA  L.  TURNER 278 

MRS.  J.  M.  GLENN .  278 

MRS.  M.  G.  SCRUTCHIN 278 

MRS.  MARY  STUART  ARMSTRONG 282 

MRS.  ZELIA  NUTTALL 282 

Miss  JANE  ADDAMS ^  .  284 

Miss  CLARA  HELLWIG   .  285 


x  CONTENTS 

REPORT  OF  SUPERIOR  JUROR 286 

MBS.  PHILIP  N.  MOORE 286 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  OF  AWARDS       .     .     289 
CLOSING  OF  THE  EXPOSITION,  AND  FINAL  REPORTS 

OF  COMMITTEES 307 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  HOUSE  COMMITTEE 307 

CRECHE  PLANS,  AND  FINAL  REPORT  OP  COMMITTEE  ON 

DAT  NURSERY  APPROPRIATION 311 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  ENTERTAINMENT  AND 

CEREMONIES 322 

FINAL   MEETING    OF  THE   BOARD  OF   LADY  MAN- 
AGERS, AND  TREASURER'S  REPORT,  JUNE  9, 1905  .      330 

FINAL  REPORTS  TO  BOARD,  JUNE  9,  1905 330 

RESOLUTION  OF  THANKS  TO  THE  LOUISIANA  PURCHASE 

EXPOSITION  COMMISSION 331 

RESOLUTION  OF  APPRECIATION  TO  THE  LOUISIANA  PUR- 
CHASE EXPOSITION  COMPANY 331 

DISBURSEMENTS  MADE  BY  EXPOSITION  COMPANY,  ON  BE- 
HALF OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS,  PRIOR  TO  SPECIAL 

APPROPRIATION  FOR  THE  BOARD 332 

AMOUNTS  PLEDGED  BY  EXPOSITION  COMPANY  BUT  NOT 

PAID  UNTIL  AFTER  FEBRUARY  18,  1904 333 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  TREASURER 334 

FINAL  REPORT  OF  AUDITING  COMMITTEE     ...     335 

ACCOUNTANT'S  REPORT 337 

L'ENVOI  339 


LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

BUILDING  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS     FRONTISPIECE 
OUTLINE  OF  LOUISIANA  PURCHASE 6 

SIGNING  OF  THE  TREATY  BY  LIVINGSTON,  MONROE, 

AND  MARBOIS 8 

MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING 14 

PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  APOLLINE   M.  BLAIR 32 

PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS  OCTOBER  1, 
1902,  TO  OCTOBER  21,  1903 

MRS.  EDWARD  L.  BUCHWALTER 38 

IST  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  FINIS  P.   ERNEST 48 

2o  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  HELEN  BOICE  HUNSICKER 60 

3o  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MISS  ANNA  L.  DAWES 68 

4TH  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  BELLE  L.  'EVEREST 80 

STH  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  M.  H.  DE  YOUNG 90 

GTH  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  FANNIE  LOWRY  PORTER 100 

?TH  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  WILLIAM  H.  COLEMAN 110 

TREASURER  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 

MRS.  JOHN  M.  HOLCOMBE 128 

CHAIRMAN  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  DAY  NURSERY  APPROPRIA- 
TION .    .    .  »- 


xii  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

MRS.  FREDERICK  HANGER 136 

CHAIRMAN  OF  COMMITTEE  OF  AWARDS 

MRS.  WILLIAM  E.  ANDREWS 144 

CHAIRMAN  OF  AUDITING  COMMITTEE 

MRS.  RICHARD  W.  KNOTT 150 

CHAIRMAN  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  PRESS 

BOARD-ROOM 160 

MRS.  MARGARET  P.  DALY 172 

MEMBER  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK 

MRS.  LEWIS  D.  FROST 178 

MEMBER  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  CEREMONIES 

MRS.  MARY  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY 184 

CHAIRMAN  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK 

SALON   (LOOKING  EAST) 194 

MRS.  JOHN  MILLER  HORTON 204 

MEMBER  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  ENTERTAINMENT 

MRS.  CARL  VON  MAYHOFF 216 

MEMBER  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  ENTERTAINMENT 

MRS.  JAMES  EDMUND  SULLIVAN 228 

MEMBER  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  ENTERTAINMENT 

MRS.  ANNIE  McLEAN  MOORES 240 

MEMBER  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  FOREIGN  RELATIONS 

MISS  LAVINIA  H.  EGAN 250 

MEMBER  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  PRESS 

TEA-ROOM 268 

PRESIDENT'S  ROOM 286 

RECEIVING-LINE,  RECEPTION  TO   PRINCE  FUSHIMI 

OF  JAPAN 308 

DINING-ROOM 322 

MEMBERS    OF    THE    BOARD    OF    LADY   MANAGERS 
AND  THEIR  GUESTS  ON  "  FRANCIS  DAY "    .  .    328 


REPORT  OF  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS 
LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


NEW  YORK,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  1905. 
To  THE 

LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION 
COMMISSION: 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  report  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  which  was  appointed  by  you  as  provided 
for  by  the  Act  of  Congress  dated  March  3,  1901. 

Very  respectfully, 

MART  MARQARETTA  MANNING, 

President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 


HISTORICAL  DATA 

THE  territory  originally  known  as  Louisiana  was  taken 
possession  of  by  the  explorer  La  Salle  in  1682,  in  the 
name  of  Louis  XIV,  and  the  first  colony  was  founded 
by  the  French  at  Biloxi  in  1699.  The  vast  domain  was 
transferred  to  Spain,  by  secret  treaty,  in  1763,  and  re- 
mained in  the  possession  of  that  country  until  1800, 
when  the  King  of  Spain,  desiring  the  assistance  of  Na- 
poleon in  the  erection  of  the  kingdom  of  Etruria  for  his 
son-in-law,  the  Duke  of  Parma,  ceded  the  Louisiana 
Territory  to  France  in  return  for  that  aid.  It  was  part 
of  Bonaparte's  policy  and  earliest  ambition  to  restore 
to  France  all  her  lost  possessions,  and  by  the  significant 
treaty  of  San  Ildefonso,  signed  by  Manuel  Godoy,  the 
Spanish  Minister  of  State  (known  as  the  "Prince  of 
Peace"),  and  Marshal  Berthier,  Minister  of  France  at 
Madrid,  all  that  vast  and  vaguely  defined  territory 
known  as  Louisiana  which  France  had  originally  trans- 
ferred to  Spain,  was  reconveyed  to  France. 

Up  to  the  end  of  the  Revolution  the  possession  of  the 
Louisiana  Territory  by  one  foreign  power  or  another 
had  not  touched  Americans  closely,  but  now  condi- 
tions changed.  When  rumors  of  the  last  treaty  finally 
reached  the  United  States  the  planters  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  became  alarmed.  The  laws  and  customs 
regulations  of  the  Spaniards  at  New  Orleans  were 
arbitrary,  their  business  methods  antiquated,  compli- 
cated and  irksome  to  the  colonists;  friction  had  al- 
ready existed  between  them,  the  Spaniards  being  aided 
by  Indians  hostile  to  the  frontiersmen.  The  right  of 


4  REPORT 

deposit  was  essential  to  the  pioneers,  who  journeyed 
down  the  river  in  their  flat-bottomed  home-made  boats, 
—  they  required  a  place  to  store  their  goods  at  New 
Orleans  while  waiting  the  arrival  of  trading  vessels.  In 
the  early  nineties  the  Spanish  authorities  closed  navi- 
gation and  refused  the  right  of  way  to  the  ocean,  but 
in  1795  a  treaty  was  signed  which  gave  the  right  of 
deposit,  with  certain  minor  limitations,  for  three  years, 
and  the  way  to  a  market  was  kept  open  for  that  period, 
and  thereafter  until  1802;  that  year  the  Spaniards 
again  withdrew  the  privilege,  and  therein  lay  a  potent 
motive  for  the  acquisition  of  at  least  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  although  the  immediate  demand 
of  these  early  American  settlers  was  simply  an  open 
seaport  and  waterway  to  the  sea,  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase was  the  direct  outcome  of  our  strained  relations 
with  Spain. 

A  resolution  was  offered  in  Congress,  authorizing 
the  President  to  call  out  50,000  militia  and  take  pos- 
session of  New  Orleans,  but  the  United  States  sought 
security  without  force  of  arms,  —  and  a  substitute 
resolution  was  adopted  appropriating  $2,000,000  for 
the  purchase  of  the  Floridas  and  New  Orleans,  —  the 
Floridas  being  at  first  the  entire  cession  contemplated, 
even  without  the  Island  of  New  Orleans. 

Chancellor  Robert  R.  Livingston,  of  New  York,  had 
been  appointed  as  our  Minister  to  France  at  a  time 
when  the  affairs  of  that  country  were  in  a  somewhat 
precarious  condition.  Napoleon,  then  only  thirty-four 
years  old,  was  Dictator,  surrounded  by  enemies.  Presi- 
dent Jefferson  wrote  Livingston  to  make  the  best  terms 
he  could  with  Napoleon,  either  for  the  mouth  of  the 


HISTORICAL  DATA  5 

river,  site  for  a  city,  or  place  for  deposit.  He  at  no  time 
spoke  of  acquiring  the  whole  tract.  Livingston,  with 
great  tact  and  judgment,  kept  the  matter  before  Na- 
poleon, realizing  not  only  the  importance  of  the  small 
tract  originally  involved,  but  the  incalculable  advan- 
tage that  would  be  derived  by  the  United  States  could 
the  accession  of  the  whole  territory  be  accomplished. 
He  was,  therefore,  greatly  surprised  by  a  question  from 
Talleyrand,  in  which  he  was  asked,  "What  we  would 
give  for  the  whole  tract  ?"  This  was  followed  by  a  pro- 
position from  Napoleon's  representative,  Marbois,  the 
State  Treasurer,  in  which  he  offered  to  sell  all  the  Louis- 
iana Territory  to  the  United  States  for  100,000,000 
francs  ($20,000,000),  with  a  provision  that  the  United 
States  should  pay  the  claims  of  American  citizens  against 
France  for  depredations  by  French  privateers,  which 
amounted  to  20,000,000  francs  ($4,000,000).  This  offer 
Livingston  declined,  and  Marbois  asked  him  to  name 
a  price.  Livingston,  after  a  polite  and  politic  disavowal 
of  any  anxiety  to  seek  a  larger  expansion  of  territory, 
cautiously  remarked,  "We  would  be  ready  to  purchase, 
provided  the  sum  was  reduced  to  reasonable  limits," 
but  refused  to  make  an  offer,  postponing  the  matter 
until  the  arrival  of  Monroe,  who,  he  was  informed  by 
the  United  States  Government,  had  been  appointed 
Minister  with  special  powers  to  negotiate  this  pur- 
chase of  New  Orleans. 

Talleyrand  told  Livingston  that  if  they  gave  New 
Orleans,  the  rest  would  be  of  little  value,  and  Marbois 
dropped  his  price  to  80,000,000  francs  ($16,000,000) 
and  the  claims,  and  later  said  if  we  would  name  60,- 
000,000  francs  and  take  upon  us  the  American  .claims 


6  REPORT 

to  the  amount  of  20,000,000  francs  more,  he  would 
submit  the  offer  to  Bonaparte.  Our  Minister  declared 
that  sum  was  greatly  beyond  our  means,  and  wished 
Bonaparte  reminded  that  the  whole  region  was  liable 
to  become  the  property  of  England.  The  Minister  of 
the  Public  Treasury  admitted  the  weight  of  this  pos- 
sibility, but  said,  "Try  if  you  cannot  come  up  to  my 
mark.  Consider  the  extent  of  the  country,  the  ex- 
clusive navigation  of  the  river,  and  the  importance  of 
having  no  neighbors  to  disrupt  you,  no  war  to  dread." 

The  American  Minister  was  not  long  in  deciding  to 
accept  Napoleon's  proposition  for  the  United  States  to 
acquire  the  whole  territory,  but  still  waited  to  conclude 
negotiations  until  the  arrival  in  Paris  of  Monroe. 

The  Great  Treaty  was,  in  its  essential  elements,  the 
work  of  three  days.  On  April  11,  Talleyrand  asked 
Livingston,  "Whether  he  wished  to  have  the  whole  of 
Louisiana?"  On  April  12,  Monroe  arrived,  but  was 
too  ill  to  attend  a  conference.  Livingston  again  saw 
Talleyrand,  and  on  April  13,  two  conferences  took  place 
between  Marbois  and  Livingston,  lasting  several  hours 
and  ending  at  midnight,  in  which  both  negotiators 
agreed  upon  a  treaty  of  transfer  and  acquisition,  leav- 
ing open  the  amount  to  be  paid.  Upon  this  point  they 
did  not  widely  differ.  Livingston's  memorable  mid- 
night dispatch  dated  Paris,  April  13,  1803,  and  finished 
at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  gives  the  authentic 
official  history  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  treaty.  The 
Livingston  letters  tell  that  the  decision  to  sell  Louisiana 
was  reached  on  Sunday,  April  10,  after  Napoleon  had 
had  a  prolonged  conference  with  Talleyrand,  Marbois, 
and  others.  The  idea  of  selling  originated  in  the  active 


HISTORICAL  DATA  7 

brain  of  Napoleon.  It  was  opposed  by  Talleyrand, 
Berthier,  and  others,  but  Napoleon  contemplated  war 
with  England,  and  needed  funds.  The  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase tract  was  so  far  away,  and  would  require  so  much 
money  and  so  many  men  to  protect  it,  that  in  his  esti- 
mation it  was  probably  better  to  dispose  of  it  at  a  good 
price  rather  than  hold;  and  he  feared  in  the  event  of  war, 
which  was  imminent,  he  would  lose  the  colony  of  Louis- 
iana within  sixty  days  after  he  took  possession.  The 
Treaty  of  Amiens  was  at  an  end;  Austria  was  threaten- 
ing; a  British  fleet  was  in  the  West  Indies,  he  was  dis- 
gusted at  the  disastrous  compaign  in  San  Domingo, 
angry  with  Spain,  and  desired  to  be  free  for  new  cam- 
paigns in  Europe.  The  First  Consul,  impressed  by  our 
Minister's  social  rank  in  his  own  country,  no  less  than 
by  his  merciless  logic  and  solid  understanding,  had 
given  his  promise  that  debts  due  for  the  spoliation  of 
our  commerce  should  be  paid.  This  promise,  of  which 
he  was  again  reminded,  could  only  be  kept  by  realizing 
on  sale  of  public  lands,  as  he  had  no  other  resource. 
Small  wonder  that  he  wished  to  be  rid  of  the  whole  irri- 
tating subject  of  Louisiana. 

Monroe  on  his  arrival  in  Paris  found  that  the  nego- 
tiations for  the  purchase  were  already  far  advanced 
by  Minister  Livingston.  Owing  to  the  illness  of  the 
special  envoy  he  was  not  presented  to  the  First  Consul 
until  May  1,  and  hence,  as  a  negotiator,  had  nothing 
officially  to  do  with  the  treaty,  which  was  virtually 
negotiated  April  13,  and  finally  concluded  April  30.  On 
that  day  the  treaty  was  signed  in  the  presence  of  Na- 
poleon by  Marbois  and  the  two  American  represent- 
atives, and  when  the  negotiations  were  completed, 


8  REPORT 

Napoleon  made  the  following  prophecy:  "This  acces- 
sion of  territory  strengthens  forever  the  power  of  the 
United  States.  I  have  given  England  a  rival." 

The  agreement,  in  the  form  of  a  treaty,  reached  Wash- 
ington July  14  for  ratification.  Congress  was  called  in 
special  session  October  17;  the  treaty  was  confirmed 
by  the  Senate  after  two  days  of  discussion;  a  resolution 
was  passed  that  it  should  take  effect  immediately,  but 
only  after  much  opposition.  Many  persons  were  strongly 
opposed  to  the  Purchase,  condemned  the  acquisition 
of  a  wilderness,  and  expressed  their  belief  that  the  terri- 
tory was  not  worth  the  price  to  be  paid,  and  that  its 
control  would  be  difficult  and  unprofitable. 

The  exact  cost  ultimately  agreed  upon  was  64,000,000 
francs  in  the  form  of  United  States  6  per  cent,  bonds, 
representing  a  capital  of  $11,250,000.  In  addition  to 
this  the  American  Government  agreed  to  assume  and 
pay  the  obligations  of  France  to  American  citizens  for 
French  attacks  upon  American  shipping.  These  were 
estimated  at  20,000,000  francs,  or  $3,750,000,  making 
the  total  payment  $15,000,000.  The  tract  comprised 
554,000,000  acres.  Napoleon  sold  the  territory  for  two 
cents  an  acre,  or  ten  acres  for  one  franc.  When  the 
negotiations  were  pending,  Marbois  expressed  to  Napo- 
leon the  difficulty  of  reaching  a  definite  conclusion  as 
to  boundary.  When  Talleyrand  was  questioned  as  to 
boundaries  he  returned  evasive  answers,  and  said  he  did 
not  know,  and  when  pressed  to  be  more  explicit  said, 
"You  must  take  it  as  we  received  it."  "But  what 
did  you  mean  to  take?"  asked  Livingston.  "I  do  not 
know,"  replied  Talleyrand.  "Then  you  mean  that  we 
shall  construe  it  our  own  way?"  said  Livingston  again; 


HISTORICAL  DATA  9 

to  which  Talleyrand  made  final  reply,  "I  can  give  you 
no  direction.  You  have  made  a  noble  bargain  for  your- 
selves, and  I  suppose  you  will  make  the  most  of  it." 

When  we  consider  that  Jefferson  at  one  time  was 
willing  to  give  $2,000,000  for  New  Orleans  alone,  we 
can  marvel  that  so  vast  an  empire  as  the  whole  province 
should  come  to  us  for  the  price  paid.  We  can  afford  to 
overlook  any  defects  in  the  treaty  details  and  forever 
hold  in  gratitude  the  illustrious  men  who,  by  their 
diplomatic  skill,  their  earnestness  of  purpose,  and  well 
directed  efforts,  achieved  one  of  the  greatest  triumphs 
in  the  world's  history.  It  well  justified  the  assertion  of 
Minister  Livingston,  who,  after  placing  his  name  to  the 
treaty  of  cession,  and  rising  and  shaking  hands  with 
Monroe  and  Marbois,  said,  "We  have  lived  long;  but 
this  is  the  noblest  work  of  our  lives." 

The  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  was  held  to  com- 
memorate this  most  important  event  in  the  history  of 
America,  the  purchase  from  France  of  the  vast  Louis- 
iana Territory,  —  an  event  second  only  in  importance 
to  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  — 
which  constituted  the  first  great  advance  of  the  United 
States  toward  national  expansion,  and  at  the  same  time 
insured  to  them  the  control  forever  of  the  greatest  nat- 
ural waterway  on  earth,  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  Missouri  Historical  Society  was  the  first  organi- 
zation to  take  formal  steps  toward  the  celebration  of  the 
one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  acquisition  of  this 
territory.  In  acknowledgment  of  the  public  sentiment 
expressed,  Governor  Stevens,  of  Missouri,  called  a 
convention  of  delegates  to  be  appointed  by  the  respect- 


10  REPORT 

ive  governors  of  the  twelve  states  and  two  territories 
that  had  been  created  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
Ninety-three  delegates  attended  the  meeting  on  Jan- 
uary 10,  1899,  and  unanimously  voted  that  an  Inter- 
national Exposition  should  be  held  in  St.  Louis  as  a 
means  of  giving  expression,  by  practical  demonstration, 
to  the  universal  appreciation  of  what  had  been  accom- 
plished within  this  vast  region  during  the  century. 

An  Executive  Committee  was  appointed,  of  which 
Hon.  David  R.  Francis,  of  St.  Louis,  was  made  chair- 
man. The  aid  of  the  United  States  Government  was 
sought,  and,  after  preliminary  work  on  the  part  of  the 
members  of  the  Committee  in  raising  the  $10,000,000 
which  Congress  had  made  a  condition  should  be  secured 
before  rendering  material  assistance,  a  bill  was  passed 
March  3,  1901,  appropriating  $5,000,000  toward 
"celebrating  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Territory  by  the  United  States,  by 
holding  an  international  exhibition  of  arts,  industries, 
manufactures,  and  the  products  of  the  soil,  mine,  forest 
and  sea,  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  in  the  State  of  Missouri." 

This  enormous  tract  of  land  that  for  a  century  had  been 
steadily  contributing  to  the  material  advancement  of 
the  world,  was  now  to  show  that  it  was  ready  and  able 
to  assume  its  full  share  not  only  in  practical  life  and 
progress,  but  in  the  deeper  phases  of  science  and  art, 
and  to  demonstrate  the  nature  of  its  resources  by  par- 
ticipation in  the  greatest  universal  exposition  ever  held. 
By  this  Exposition  it  was  not  only  above  all  else  to 
illustrate  the  marvelous  development  of  the  territory 
whose  acquisition  it  was  meant  to  celebrate,  but  it  was 
likewise  "to  provide  for  a  comparative  display  of  the 


HISTORICAL  DATA  11 

products,  natural  and  artificial,  of  the  nations  of  the 
world,  to  be  arranged  in  classified  groups,  the  exhibits 
of  each  nation  in  every  class  to  be  set  down  by  the  side 
of  those  of  all  other  nations,  thereby  better  to  insure 
comparison  and  an  intelligent  verdict  as  to  merit  by  the 
direct  and  practical  contrast  thus  secured."  It  was  to 
demonstrate  the  feasible  combination  of  the  artistic 
with  the  useful,  the  beautiful  with  the  enduring,  the 
graceful  with  the  strong. 

The  three  most  significant  dates  historically  con- 
nected with  the  acquisition  of  the  magnificent  domain 
known  as  Louisiana,  are  April  30,  1803,  when  the  Great 
Treaty  was  signed;  October  19,  when  the  treaty  was 
ratified  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  by  a  vote 
of  24  to  7;  and  December  20,  of  the  same  year,  when 
our  Government  received  formal  possession  at  New 
Orleans  from  the  French  prefect  Laussat.  The  Council 
Chamber  of  the  Cabildo  (which  building  was  so  faith- 
fully reproduced  at  the  Exposition)  and  the  balcony 
adjacent,  were  the  scene  of  the  formal  retrocession  of 
Louisiana  from  Spain  to  France,  and  also  of  the  event 
so  much  more  momentous  to  us,  the  ceremony  in  which 
France  delivered  Louisiana  into  the  keeping  of  the 
United  States. 

On  August  20,  1901,  by  a  proclamation  of  the  Pre- 
sident, "in  the  name  of  the  Government  and  of  the 
people  of  the  United  States,  ...  all  the  nations  of  the 
earth"  were  invited  "to  take  part  in  the  commemoration 
of  the  purchase  of  the  Louisiana  Territory,  an  event  of 
great  interest  to  the  United  States  and  of  abiding  effect 
on  their  development,  by  appointing  representatives 
and  sending  such  exhibits  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase 


12  REPORT 

Exposition  as  would  most  fitly  and  fully  illustrate  their 
resources,  their  industries,  and  their  progress  in  civil- 
ization." This  invitation  was  sent  through  the  Depart- 
ment of  State  of  the  United  States  to  the  chief  magis- 
trates of  all  civilized  governments,  from  nearly  all  of 
whom  official  acceptances  were  received  in  reply. 

It  has  become  a  matter  of  history  that  ground  was 
broken  for  the  site  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition December  20,  1901,  that  day  being  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  one  on  which  the  jurisdiction  over  the  Louis- 
iana Territory  passed  from  France  to  the  United  States 
in  1803.  The  dedication  exercises  were  held  on  the 
afternoon  of  April  30,  1903,  and  were  designed  to  com- 
memorate not  only  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of 
the  signing  of  the  treaty  by  Livingston,  Monroe,  and 
Marbois,  transferring  the  territory  from  France  to  the 
United  States,  but  also  to  dedicate  in  a  formal  manner 
the  grounds  and  palaces  of  the  Exposition  then  rapidly 
advancing  toward  completion,  though  not  to  be  opened 
before  the  following  spring. 

The  exercises  were  participated  in  by  representatives 
from  nearly  all  civilized  nations,  and  the  presence  on 
April  30,  1903,  of  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
ex-President  Cleveland,  the  Joint  Committee  of  Con- 
gress, the  ambassadors  and  ministers  of  twenty-six 
foreign  governments,  the  governors  and  representatives 
of  more  than  forty  states  and  territories,  conferred 
upon  it  the  official  indorsement  of  the  nations  of  the 
world,  and  added  the  weight  and  dignity  which  the 
sanction  of  governments  alone  could  give. 

When  the  treaty  of  cession  was  concluded  in  1803, 
President  Jefferson  represented  less  than  6,000,000 


HISTORICAL  DATA  13 

people,  and  there  were  but  50,000  white  settlers  in 
the  Louisiana  Territory.  President  Roosevelt  in  1903 
represented  80,000,000  people,  the  Purchase  contained 
15,000,000  inhabitants,  and  the  865,000  square  miles 
which  it  comprised  had  been  geographically  divided 
into  twelve  states  and  two  territories;  it  was  an  area 
greater  in  extent  and  in  natural  resources  than  that  of 
the  original  thirteen  states,  and  constituted  the  largest 
real  estate  transfer  ever  known  in  the  history  of  nations. 
The  price  of  $15,000,000  paid  for  it  was  considered 
exorbitant  by  those  who  were  opposed  to  the  purchase 
in  1803,  yet  the  possibilities  of  the  country,  then  so 
vague  and  ill-defined,  so  amply  justified  the  prophetic 
faith  of  its  advocates,  that  a  century  later  many  millions 
of  dollars  in  excess  of  the  purchase  money  were  spent 
in  commemorating  the  transfer  of  a  tract  of  land  with- 
out which  the  present  greatness  of  the  United  States 
would  not  have  been  possible;  the  present  value  of  the 
agricultural  products  alone  of  the  area  for  one  year  are 
a  hundred  times,  and  the  taxable  wealth  more  than 
four  hundred  times,  the  purchase  money. 


ACT  CREATING  THE  BOARD  OF  LADY 
MANAGERS 

THE  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  appointed  pursuant 
to  a  clause  in  Section  6  of  the  Act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 
1901,  empowering  the  National  Commission  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,1  as  follows :  — 

"And  said  commission  is  hereby  authorized  to  ap- 
point a  board  of  lady  managers,  of  such  number  and 
to  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  said 
commission,  subject,  however,  to  the  approval  of  said 
company.  Said  board  of  lady  managers  may,  in  the 
discretion  of  said  commission  and  corporation,  appoint 
one  member  of  all  committees  authorized  to  award 
prizes  for  such  exhibits  as  may  have  been  produced  in 
whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor." 


1  The  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Commission  was  authorized 
by  Act  of  Congress,  March  3, 1901,  and  the  members  were  appointed  by 
President  McKinley.  According  to  Sec.  12  of  an  Act  approved  June  28, 
1902,  the  Commission  will  cease  officially  to  exist  on  the  first  day  of  July, 
1905,  at  which  time,  also,  will  expire  the  term  of  appointment  of  the 
members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  LADY 
MANAGERS 

THE  following  is  the  complete  list  and  order  of  appoint- 
ment of  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
made  by  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Commis- 
sion, acting  under  the  authority  conferred  by  the  afore- 
said Section  6,  of  the  Act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 
1901:  — 

OCTOBER  16,  1901  Appointed  by 

Miss  HELEN  M.  GOULD  Hon.  Philip  D.  Scott 

OCTOBER  18,  1901 

MRS.  JOHN  A.  MC€ALL  Hon.  Martin  H.  Glynn 

MRS.  JOHN  M.  HOLCOMBE  Hon.  Frederick  A.  Betts 

Miss  ANNA  L.  DAWES  Hon.  Frederick  A.  Betts 

MRS.  FREDERICK  HANGER  Hon.  Philip  D.  Scott 

MRS.  FANNIE  L.  PORTER  Hon.  Philip  D.  Scott 

MRS.  JAMES  L.  BLAIR  Hon.  John  M.  Allen 

MRS.  WILLIAM  E.  ANDREWS  Hon.  John  M.  Thurston 

MRS.  HELEN  BOICE-HUNSICKER  Hon.  John  M.  Thurston 

NOVEMBER  19,  1901 

MRS.  RICHARD  W.  KNOTT  Hon.  William  Lindsay 

MRS.  WASHINGTON  A.  ROEBLING  Hon.  William  Lindsay 

MRS.  M.  H.  DE  YOUNG  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Carter 

MRS.  BELLE  L.  EVEREST  Hon.  John  F.  Miller 

NOVEMBER  20,  1901 
MRS.  MARCUS  P.  DALY  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Carter 


16  REPORT 

NOVEMBER  21,  1901  Appointed  by 

MRS.  WILLIAM  H.  COLEMAN  Hon.  John  F.  Miller 

MRS.  EDWARD  L.  BUCHW ALTER  Hon.  John  F.  Miller 

MRS.  LEWIS  D.  FROST  Hon.  John  M.  Thurston 

NOVEMBER  22,  1901 
MRS.  FINIS  P.  ERNEST  Hon.  George  W.  McBride 

JANUARY  22,  1902 
MRS.  JAMES  B.  MONTGOMERY  Hon.  George  W.  McBride 

SEPTEMBER  30,  1902 
MRS.  JOHN  MILLER  HORTON  Hon.  Martin  H.  Glynn 

OCTOBER  2,  1902 

MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING  Hon.  Martin  H.  Glynn 

MRS.  CARL  VON  MAYHOFF  Hon.  Martin  H.  Glynn 

MRS.  JAMES  EDMUND  SULLIVAN  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Carter 

OCTOBER  3,  1902 
MRS.  ANNIE  McLEAN  MOORES  Hon.  John  M.  Allen 

NOVEMBER  29,  1902 
Miss  LAVINIA  H.  EGAN  Hon.  John  M.  Allen 


PRESENT  OFFICERS  AND  MEMBERS 
OF  THE  BOARD 

PRESIDENT 
MBS.  DANIEL  MANNING  Albany,  N.  Y. 

FIRST  VICE-PRESIDENT 
MBS.  EDWABD  L.  BUCHWALTEB  Springfield,  Ohio 

SECOND  VICE-PRESIDENT 
MBS.  FINIS  P.  EBNEST  Denver,  Colo. 

THIRD  VICE-PRESIDENT 
MBS.  HELEN  BOICE-HUNSICKEB  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

FOURTH  VICE-PRESIDENT 
Miss  ANNA  L.  DAWES  Pittsfield,  Mass. 

FIFTH  VICE-PRESIDENT 
MBS.  BELLE  L.  EVEBEST  Atchison,  Kan. 

SIXTH  VICE-PRESIDENT 
MBS.  M.  H.  DE  YOUNG  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

SEVENTH  VICE-PRESIDENT 
MBS.  FANNIE  L.  POBTEB  Atlanta,  Ga. 

TREASURER 
MBS.  WILLIAM  H.  COLEMAN  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Miss  HELEN  M.  GOULD  New  York,  N.  Y. 

MBS.  RICHABD  W.  KNOTT  Louisville,  Ky. 

MBS.  JOHN  M.  HOLCOMBE  Hartford,  Conn. 

MBS.  FBEDEBICK  HANGEB  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

MBS.  JAMES  EDMUND  SULLIVAN  Providence,  ,R.  I. 


18  REPORT 

MRS.  MARGARET  P.  DALY  Anaconda,  Mont. 

MRS.  MARY  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY  Portland,  Ore. 

MRS.  CARL  VON  MAYHOFF  New  York,  N.  Y. 

MRS.  JOHN  MILLER  HORTON  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

MRS.  LEWIS  D.  FROST  Winona,  Minn. 

MRS.  W.  E.  ANDREWS  Washington,  D.  C. 

MRS.  ANNIE  MCLEAN  MOORES  Mt.  Pleasant,  Texas 

Miss  LAVINIA  H.  EGAN  Shreveport,  La. 

Hostess  of  the  Building  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 

Miss  JULIA  T.  E.  McBLAiR  Washington,  D.  C. 


STANDING   COMMITTEES   OF  THE  BOARD 

EXECUTIVE 

MRS.  MANNING,  Chairman 

MRS.  HOLCOMBE         MRS.  COLEMAN  MRS.  KNOTT 

Miss  EGAN  MRS.  BUCHWALTER      MRS.  HANGER 

MRS.  MONTGOMERY    MRS.  MOORES  Miss  GOULD 

Miss  DAWES 

ENTERTAINMENT 
MRS.  MANNING,  Chairman 

MRS.  PORTER  MRS.  ERNEST  MRS.  VON  MAYHOFF 

MRS.  EVEREST  MRS.  DE  YOUNG          MRS.  HUNSICKER 

MRS.  SULLIVAN          MRS.  HORTON 


MRS.  KNOTT 
Miss  GOULD 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS 

Miss  DAWES,  Chairman 
MRS.  HOLCOMBE          MRS.  MONTGOMERY 
MRS.  VON  MAYHOFF    MRS.  MOORES 


MRS.  HANGER 


CONGRESSES 
MRS.  BUCHWALTER,  Chairman 

MRS.  ANDREWS 


MRS.  HANGER 


PRESS 
MRS.  KNOTT,  Chairman 


Miss  EGAN 


MRS.  MOORES 


WOMAN'S  WORK 
MRS.  MONTGOMERY,  Chairman 

MRS.  HOLCOMBE         Miss  GOULD  Miss  DAWES 

MRS.  DALY  MRS.  BUCHWALTER      MRS.  DE  YOUNQ 


20  REPORT 

LEGISLATIVE 

MRS.  BUCHWALTER,  Chairman 
MRS.  MONTGOMERY  MRS.  COLEMAN 

AWARDS 

MRS.  HANGER,  Chairman 

MRS.  KNOTT  Miss  EGAN  MRS.  HUNSICKER 

MRS.  PORTER 

AUDITING  COMMITTEE 

MRS.  ANDREWS,  Chairman 

MRS.  ERNEST  MRS.  MONTGOMERY 


SPECIAL  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS 

MBS.  HORTON,  Chairman 

MRS.  BUCHWALTER  MRS.   KNOTT 

HALL  OF  PHILANTHROPY 

Miss  GOULD,  Chairman 
MRS.  HOLCOMBE         MRS.  ANDREWS  MRS.  HUNSICKER 

CRECHE 

Miss  GOULD,  Chairman 
MRS.  EVEREST  MRS.  ANDREWS  MRS.  SULLIVAN 

HOUSE 

MRS.  ERNEST,  Chairman 

Resident  members  of  Board,  and  members  of  Rotating  Committee 
on  duty. 

MODEL  PLAYGROUND 
MRS.  HOLCOMBE,  Chairman 
MRS.  HANGER  Miss  GOULD 

EDITING  MINUTES 
MRS.  HANGER,  Chairman 
MRS.  ERNEST  Miss  DAWES 

HOUSE  FURNISHING 

MRS.  MANNING,  Chairman 

MRS.  HOLCOMBE  MRS.  MONTGOMERY 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  St.  Louis  Exposition  afforded  an  opportunity  of 
demonstrating  to  other  nations  the  progress  that  the 
United  States  had  made  in  every  branch  of  manufacture, 
agriculture,  and  art.  The  enormous  field  that  existed 
from  which  to  draw  the  great  variety  of  material  war- 
ranted the  assumption  that  a  wonderful  display  would 
be  made.  The  sponsorship  of  our  Government,  and  its 
invitation  to  other  nations  to  participate,  vested  in  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  not  only  as  a  nation  but 
as  individuals,  the  responsibility  of  acceptably  placing 
before  the  eyes  of  the  world  the  achievements  and 
advancement  not  only  of  their  own,  but  of  all  civilized 
and  semi-civilized  nations. 

The  importance  of  the  event  rendered  it  a  fitting 
occasion  for  women  again  to  exhibit  to  the  world  the 
record  of  their  increasing  development  and  progress. 
At  the  Centennial  in  Philadelphia  the  Women's  Com- 
mission brought  together  the  exhibits  shown  in  the 
Woman's  Department,  raised  funds  necessary  to  build 
the  Woman's  Pavilion,  suggested  the  Department  of  Pub- 
lic Comfort,  and  originated  and  carried  to  completion 
other  useful  and  practical  ideas.  The  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  achieved 
a  most  wonderful  success;  at  the  Cotton  Centennial  in 
New  Orleans  the  women  from  each  state  and  terri- 
tory did  excellent  work,  as  did  those  at  Atlanta,  Nash- 
ville, Omaha,  and  Buffalo.  All  this  had  thoroughly 
prepared  the  public  mind  for  the  cooperation  of  women 
in  further  exposition  work. 


24  REPORT 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  was,  therefore,  created  as  an  official 
organization  acting  under  the  authority  given  it  by  the 
government.  Its  most  important  duty  —  that  of  ap- 
pointing women  jurors  —  was  prescribed  by  Congress, 
and  all  others  were  secondary  to  it.  The  members 
realized  the  responsibility  which  rested  upon  them. 
They  wished  to  demonstrate  that  women's  attainments 
and  achievements  are  a  factor  of  sufficient  importance 
to  warrant  their  participation  in  an  exhibition  of  such 
magnitude;  and  to  prove  that  the  rapid  advancement 
and  increased  usefulness  of  women,  made  possible  by 
the  educational  and  other  advantages  accorded  them, 
rendered  their  work  worthy  of  the  examination  and 
attention  of  the  world. 


EARLY    MEETINGS  OF  THE  BOARD  AND 
EXERCISES  OF  DEDICATION 

PREPARATORY  to  accepting  any  responsibilities,  the 
members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  requested 
the  National  Commission  to  define  the  full  powers  of 
their  appointment.  Careful  inquiry  was  made  as  to  the 
duties  to  be  assigned  to  the  Board  and  what  special  and 
important  work  it  would  be  expected  to  perform. 

Pursuant  to  this  request,  an  informal  meeting  of  the 
eighteen  members  who  had  been  appointed  in  the  fall 
of  1901,  was  called  by  the  National  Commission,  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  for  December  5,  of  that  year.  Hon. 
Thomas  H.  Carter,  President  of  the  National  Commis- 
sion, in  an  address  on  that  occasion,  outlined  their 
duties  to  a  limited  extent,  and  stated  that  a  meeting 
would  be  called  in  March,  1902,  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
fecting their  organization  and  determining  the  nature 
of  their  work.  This  meeting  was  not  called,  as  had 
been  contemplated,  however,  and  it  was  not  until  Sep- 
tember 30,  1902,  that  the  members  of  the  Board  were 
again  assembled  pursuant  to  a  call  of  the  Commission, 
the  meeting-place  being  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

After  formal  organization  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  they  were  again  addressed  by  Hon.  Thomas 
H.  Carter,  who  said,  in  part,  as  follows:  — 

The  act  of  Congress  left  the  number  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers optional  with  the  National  Commissioners. 

Before  the  exercise  of  the  discretion  allowed  by  Con- 
gress numerous  persons  suggested  a  great  variety  of 


26  REPORT 

ways,  whereby  the  ladies  of  the  country,  and  the  world, 
if  you  please,  might,  with  force  and  propriety,  partici- 
pate in  this  coming  Exposition.  The  agency  of  organized 
clubs  was,  for  a  time,  suggested  as  a  proper  method  by 
which  the  assistance  of  womankind  might  be  interjected 
into  this  great  work,  but  many  difficulties  appeared  in  an 
effort  to  crystallize  that  thought  in  the  proper  shape. 

Owing  to  the  confusion  existing  during  the  sessions 
of  Congress,  the  necessity  as  well  as  the  desirability  of 
allowing  the  National  Commission  to  appoint  a  Board 
of  Lady  Managers,  became  from  day  to  day  more  ap- 
parent, and,  therefore,  in  pursuance  of  that  authority, 
it  was  determined,  with  the  consent  and  approval  of  the 
Local  Company,  under  whose  auspices  the  Exposition 
was  given,  to  appoint  a  Board  consisting  of  twenty-one 
persons,  and,  of  the  twenty-one,  nineteen  members 
have  now  been  appointed.  ...  It  will  rest  with  you 
ladies,  and  the  two  additional  members  hereafter  to  be 
appointed,  whether  or  not  you  wish  to  increase  the  size 
of  your  Board.  .  .  . 

After,  or  about  the  time  of  the  New  York  meeting, 
the  National  Commission,  acting  under  the  authority 
of  the  law,  prescribed  certain  general  limitations  or 
rules  within  which  this  Board  of  Lady  Managers  would 
continue  to  exercise  their  functions.  These  rules  were, 
I  think,  made  very  general,  and  were  submitted  to  the 
Local  Company  for  approval,  as  the  statute  requires. 
The  Company  has  suggested  certain  amendments, 
which  are  not  of  great  importance  and  do  not  at  this 
time  limit  your  deliberations  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent. .  .  .  The  rule  upon  which  your  authority  will 
rest  reads:  "  The  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  appointed 


ADDRESS  BY  SENATOR  CARTER       27 

as  authorized  by  Section  Six  of  the  Act  of  Congress, 
shall  have  authority  to  exercise  general  supervisory 
control  over  such  features  of  the  Exposition  as  may  be 
specially  devoted  to  woman's  work."  That  rule  is  prac- 
tically without  any  limitation  whatever.  It  places  under 
your  control  and  supervision  the  work  for  the  exhibits, 
whether  appearing  in  the  manner  of  artistic,  industrial, 
or  other  tangible  production,  or  whether  appearing  in 
the  manner  of  woman's  engagement  in  any  part  or  por- 
tion of  the  Exposition  work.  I  think  it  will  rest  with 
you  that  girls  under  a  certain  age  should  not  be  per- 
mitted to  be  employed  in  the  exhibits,  or  in  any  manner 
made  a  part  of  the  coming  Exposition.  .  .  .  You  will 
find  in  this  rule  the  amplest  authority  with  reference 
to  any  subject-matter  over  which  you  seek  to  exercise 
jurisdiction,  composed  in  whole  or  in  part  by  woman's 
work.  That  is  all  the  limitation  you  will  find.  That 
rule  the  Company  has  approved  without  amendment, 
and  in  approving  it  ...  I  believe  that  it  is  clearly 
the  earnest  desire  of  the  Company  to  secure  and  at  all 
times  approve  of  your  cordial  cooperation. 

In  the  matter  of  executing  the  duties  before  you,  it 
will  be  found  necessary,  I  believe,  at  this  meeting,  after 
the  election  of  your  officers,  to  secure  such  quarters  as 
may,  in  your  opinion,  be  necessary  for  the  convenient 
transaction  of  the  business  committed  to  your  charge. 
It  will  likewise  be  necessary  for  you  to  begin  to  consider 
the  scope  of  woman's  work,  in  connection  with  the 
Exposition,  and  likewise  form  proper  rules  and  regula- 
tions for  the  government  of  your  officers,  and  the  direc- 
tion of  the  general  task  that  you  have  before  you.  It  is 
needless  to  suggest  that  future  success  will,  as  you.know, 


28  REPORT 

to  a  considerable  extent  be  dependent  upon  the  thought 
and  consideration  given  to  your  rules  to  start  with. 
One  feature  of  the  rules  heretofore  commented  upon 
to  some  extent,  and  perhaps  both  by  the  Commission 
and  the  Company,  has  been  subject  to  criticism.  That 
is  the  limitation  upon  the  incurring  expense.  It  has  been 
suggested  that  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  at  Chicago, 
which  consisted  of  over  one  hundred  persons,  spent 
$150,000  or  thereabouts.  They  were  limited,  I  think, 
and  spent  the  limit.  Your  expenses  are  not  limited 
except  by  a  rule  adopted  by  prudence,  and  applicable 
to  all  bodies  having  money  to  expend  from  the  United 
States  Government.  The  purpose  of  this  rule,  let  me 
say  to  you,  ladies,  was  to  preserve  ordinary  system  in 
the  transaction  of  the  business  that  must  be  dispatched 
very  rapidly,  and  must  be  dispatched  under  a  sys- 
tem. 

The  observations  I  have  here  made  seem  to  about 
cover,  for  the  present,  at  least,  the  matters  that  will 
come  up  before  you  for  consideration :  — 

First :  The  scope  of  your  work,  unlimited  by  this 
Commission,  save  in  the  particulars  prescribed  in  the 
law,  to  that  which  is  in  whole  or  in  part  made  up  of 
woman's  work. 

Second:  After  determining  the  scope,  the  field 
within  which  you  will  act,  and  the  rules  that  govern 
your  officers,  you  will  be  called  upon  to  determine  other 
questions  from  time  to  time :  the  matter  of  investment, 
the  matter  of  a  special  building,  which  shall  be  the 
ladies'  home,  and  such  other  questions  as  may  seem  to 
you  to  be  meet  and  proper. 

I  am  quite  sure  that  throughout  this  space  of  time, 


ADDRESS  BY  SENATOR  CARTER        29 

two  or  three  years,  during  which  we  are  working  together, 
you  will  find  it  quite  easy  to  get  along  with  this  Com- 
mission. .  .  .  Let  me  make  this  suggestion  here,  and 
one  based  upon  an  experience  this  Commission  has 
had :  You  will  find,  as  far  as  our  observation  has  been 
extended,  that  you  have  here  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  surrounding  country,  a  body  of  earnest  people, 
charged  with  a  mighty  work,  the  disbursement  of  the 
largest  sum  of  money  ever  collected  on  the  globe  for 
an  Exposition  of  any  kind,  larger  than  Chicago,  Buffalo, 
and  Charleston  combined,  and  the  one  overwhelming, 
all-absorbing  thought  uppermost  in  the  mind  is  to  make 
of  this  Exposition  a  success,  commensurate  with  the 
mighty  means  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Company, 
the  Commission,  and  the  Board.  The  weather  will  be 
hot  and  difficulties  will  come,  tempers  will  become  dis- 
turbed and  patience  sorely  tried,  but  throughout  it  all, 
bear  in  mind  that  the  man  who  is  somewhat  irritating 
has  simply  too  much  vim  and  enthusiasm  for  the 
moment. 

President  Francis,  the  General  Counsel,  the  Treas- 
urer, are  all  devoting  practically  their  entire  time  and 
attention  to  this  work,  and  the  things  already  accom- 
plished indicate  that  their  efforts  have  been  well  directed 
and  their  work  well  performed.  It  is  for  you  to  say,  you 
to  determine  in  a  general  way,  and  upon  your  good 
judgment  and  earnest  efforts  will  largely  depend  the 
extent  to  which  women  in  this  country  and  of  the  world 
at  large  are  to  participate,  directly  or  indirectly,  in 
making  this  Exposition  the  most  beneficent  for  women 
that  has  or  can  be  made  in  any  age  or  ages. 


30  REPORT 

At  the  close  of  Senator  Carter's  remarks,  President 
Francis  of  the  Exposition  Company  said:  — 

I  have  only  come  to  say,  ladies,  that  if  we  can  be  of 
any  assistance  to  you  we  shall  be  more  than  glad  to  ren- 
der that  assistance.  If  you  have  any  suggestions  to  make 
us,  we  shall  be  pleased  to  receive  them  and  consider 
them  by  prejudging  them  in  your  favor.  I  do  not  know 
what  your  plans  are,  but  I  wish  to  say,  that  if  you  de- 
sire permanent  quarters,  we  will  be  very  glad  to  provide 
them  in  the  Administration  Building.  That  might  be 
a  little  inconvenient,  perhaps,  but  we  have  all  of  our 
own  offices  there,  and  have  all  the  accommodations  one 
can  require.  I  do  not  know  whether  you  propose  to  have 
a  permanent  Secretary  and  establish  headquarters  here 
or  not.  I  take  it  for  granted  that  you  are  familiar  with 
the  provisions  of  the  law.  Of  course,  you  know  that  the 
Board  is  nominated  by  the  National  Commission,  of 
which  Senator  Carter  is  President.  All  of  the  nomina- 
tions that  have  been  made  by  the  National  Commission 
have  been  confirmed. %  I  believe  the  membership  of  your 
Board  is  limited  to  twenty-one.  I  have  heard  of  the 
organization  of  that  body.  I  wish  to  say,  that  we  think 
we  have  made  adequate  if  not  liberal  provision  for  the 
expense  of  the  Board  in  this  way :  We  have  decided  to 
tender  you  ladies,  subject,  of  course,  to  your  own  amend- 
ment, after  first  acknowledging  your  generosity,  —  we 
have  decided  to  say  to  you  that  we  will  allow  you  five  cents 
per  mile  mileage  from  your  homes  to  St.  Louis,  and  five 
cents  per  mile  back  to  your  homes,  or  to  your  New  York 
meetings,  and  in  addition  to  that  $6  per  day  for  sub- 
sistence during  the  time  you  are  in  attendance  at  such 


ADDRESS  BY  PRESIDENT  FRANCIS     31 

meetings.  If  you  do  not  think  that  sufficient,  we  are 
open  to  suggestions  from  you. 

During  your  stay  in  cities  where  meetings  will  be 
held,  you  are  allowed  $6  per  day  subsistence,  whether 
you  choose  to  expend  that  or  not;  if  you  do  not  think 
$6  per  day  sufficient,  make  a  suggestion  accordingly. 

In  regard  to  your  duties,  the  law  prescribed  those. 
I  suppose  the  report  which  was  made  by  the  Commis- 
sion to  the  Local  Company  and  approved  by  the  Local 
Company,  has  been  forwarded  to  the  Board.  You  know 
that  you  have  the  right  to  appoint  one  member  to  every 
Jury  of  Awards  that  passes  upon  work,  wholly  or  partly 
made  by  women.  I  do  not  know  what  provision  the  law 
makes,  if  any,  for  your  duties,  but  this  Exposition, 
comprehensive  as  its  scope  may  be,  cannot  be  a  success 
without  the  hearty  cooperation  of  the  ladies,  and  that 
is  what  we  wish. 

I  do  not  know  what  plans  you  have  about  a  Wo- 
man's Building.  I  wish  to  say,  that  any  suggestions  you 
have  to  make  us,  we  will  take  under  serious  considera- 
tion. A  great  deal  has  been  said  about  permanent  struc- 
tures. We  have  no  objections  to  permanent  structures, 
we  rather  court  them,  provided  always  some  means  are 
furnished  for  the  maintenance  of  those  buildings  after 
the  Exposition  is  over.  There  is  another  condition 
that  must  be  observed,  and  that  is  in  regard  to  the  per- 
mission of  the  city  for  these  buildings  to  remain.  You, 
of  course,  understand  that  the  Exposition  proper  does 
not  own  any  of  the  ground  within  the  site.  We  have 
1200  acres,  which  is  much  larger  than  any  Exposition 
ever  held,  about  688  acres  being  the  property  of  the  city. 
About  112  acres  of  the  site  is  the  property  of  the  \yash- 


32  REPORT 

ington  University,  for  which  we  pay  them  a  specific 
rental;  that  makes  a  total  of  780  acres.  In  addition  to 
that  we  have  410  acres  which  we  have  leased  from  pri- 
vate owners.  That  property  must  be  returned  to  them 
free  of  all  incumbrances.  Therefore,  if  a  permanent 
structure  be  contemplated,  it  must  be  erected  on  city 
property. 

Ladies,  I  will  be  very  glad  to  answer  any  questions 
you  may  desire  to  ask  in  connection  with  the  Exposi- 
tion, and,  as  I  said,  any  suggestions  of  yours  I  shall 
submit  to  our  Local  Company,  Executive  Committee, 
and  Board  of  Directors,  and  Senator  Carter  will  sub- 
mit the  same,  I  have  no  doubt,  to  the  National  Com- 
mission. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Commission  held  the  same  day, 
(September  30),  the  resignation  of  Mrs.  John  A.  McCall 
from  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  read  and  ac- 
cepted by  the  Commission. 

The  statements  of  Senator  Carter,  as  well  as  those 
of  President  Francis,  stimulated  the  interest  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Board;  they  comprehended  anew  that  it 
involved  not  only  a  heavy  responsibility,  but  constituted 
a  national  trust,  to  represent  the  women  who  to-day 
stand  upon  the  advanced  but  firm  ground  secured  by 
them  in  their  long  struggle  to  obtain  intellectual  advan- 
tages and  recognition.  By  reason  of  the  sacrifices  and 
endurance  of  the  pioneers,  every  opportunity  is  now 
afforded  to  women  not  only  to  acquire  any  trade  or 
profession,  but  also  to  practice  it  without  hindrance; 
in  many  cases  the  same  money  value  is  placed  upon  their 
labor  as  upon  that  of  men  for  similar  work,  and  no 


RECEPTION  —  ELECTION  OF  OFFICERS    33 

longer  is  the  line  of  demarcation  rigidly  drawn  between 
the  woman  of  leisure  and  the  self-supporting  woman. 
It,  therefore,  devolved  upon  the  members  of  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  to  advance,  to  the  best  of  their  ability, 
the  conditions  under  which  women  might  continue  to 
maintain  their  social,  intellectual,  and  financial  inde- 
pendence. 

At  this  first  formal  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  held  in  St.  Louis,  the  President  and  Board 
of  Directors  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Com- 
pany tendered  to  the  members  a  most  delightful  evening 
reception  at  the  Southern  Hotel.  This  was  the  first 
official  entertainment  given  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Man- 
agers. 

On  Wednesday,  October  1,  1902,  the  election  of  the 
following  officers  was  effected :  — 

Mrs.  James  L.  Blair,  President 

Mrs.  Edward  L.  Buchwalter,  1st  Vice-President 

Mrs.  Finis  P.  Ernest,  2d   Vice-President 

Mrs.  Helen  Boice-Hunsicker,  3d   Vice-President 

Miss  Anna  L.  Dawes,  4th  Vice-President 

Mrs.  Belle  L.  Everest,  5th  Vice-President 

Mrs.  M.  H.  de  Young,  6th  Vice-President 

Mrs.  Fannie  L.  Porter,  7th  Vice-President 
Mrs.  Frederick  Hanger,  Secretary 

Mrs.  William  H.  Coleman,  Treasurer 

Miss  Helen  M.  Gould  then  offered  the  following 
resolution :  — 


34  REPORT 

RESOLVED,  —  That  it  is  the  earnest  desire  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  that  there  be  no  indecent  dances  or  improper 
exhibits  in  the  Midway  during  the  Exposition;  and 
that  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company  be 
urged  to  use  the  utmost  care  in  awarding  the  conces- 
sions for  shows,  in  order  that  there  may  be  no  objec- 
tionable features. 

The  motion  was  carried  unanimously,  and  its  obser- 
vance by  the  Local  Company  was  largely  instrumental 
in  lowering  to  a  minimum  the  number  of  objectionable 
features  on  the  "Pike." 

In  a  joint  conference  of  the  National  Commission 
and  President  Francis,  the  latter  consented  that  the 
Commission  should  make  the  number  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers twenty-four  instead  of  twenty-one,  and  on  October 
2,  1902,  the  following  resolution  was  offered  by  the 
First  Vice-President,  Mr.  Glynn,  and  adopted  by  the 
Commission:  — 

RESOLVED,  —  That  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  shall  consist  of 
twenty-four  persons,  including  those  heretofore  ap- 
pointed, together  with  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Mrs.  A.  L.  von  Mayhoff,  of  Monticello, 
Va.,  and  Mrs.  Josephine  Sullivan,  of  Providence,  R.  L, 
also  the  two  additional  members  to  be  nominated  by 
Mr.  Allen. 

BE  IT  FURTHER  RESOLVED,  —  That  the  appoint- 
ments thus  made  now  fix  the  membership  of  the  Board 
at  twenty-four,  and  that  no  vacancy  which  may  here- 


SECOND  MEETING  35 

after  occur,  on  any  account  whatever,  shall  be  filled 
until  the  Board  is  reduced  below  twenty-one  members, 
and  that  at  no  time  shall  any  vacancy  be  filled  hereafter 
so  as  to  increase  the  Board  above  twenty-one. 

After  the  election  of  officers,  appointment  of  com- 
mittees on  Woman's  Work,  Rules  and  Regulations, 
Hall  of  Philanthropy,  and  the  transaction  of  other 
routine  work,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  adjourned 
to  meet  in  New  York,  November  17,  1902. 


SECOND  MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD,  NOVEMBER  17-20, 1902 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  met  on  November  17, 
1902,  pursuant  to  adjournment  of  the  meeting  of  Sep- 
tember 30,  1902.  Meanwhile,  in  response  to  a  request 
from  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  for  permanent  head- 
quarters for  their  accommodation  during  the  Exposi- 
tion period,  to  be  afterward  used  as  a  Hall  of  Phil- 
anthropy, President  Francis,  on  November  5,  1902, 
referred  to  the  fact  that  the  Missouri  State  Federa- 
tion had  instructed  its  delegates  to  the  Convention  of 
the  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  to  be  held 
at  Los  Angeles,  to  recommend  such  a  memorial  of 
woman's  work,  but  that  the  Federation  had  failed  to 
take  action  in  the  matter. 

The  Exposition  Company  afterwards  offered  to  con- 
tribute $50,000  toward  the  erection  of  such  a  building, 
if  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  would  raise  $150,000, 
—  $50,000  of  which  should  be  applied  toward  the  build- 
ing, and  $100,000  as  a  permanent  endowment  fund. 


36  REPORT 

At  this  meeting  the  matter  of  the  Hall  of  Philanthropy 
was  fully  considered,  and  the  above  mentioned  propo- 
sition of  the  Exposition  Company  declined. 

At  the  session  held  on  the  19th  of  November,  a  mo- 
tion was  made  and  carried  that  there  should  be  an  eighth 
vice-president,  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning  was  elected 
to  fill  that  office. 

President  Carter,  of  the  National  Commission,  was 
invited  to  be  present  at  this  meeting,  and  again  empha- 
sized his  views  in  regard  to  the  prerogatives  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Board  in  performance  of  the  duties  which 
might  be  assigned  them.  He  also  spoke  as  follows :  — 

With  the  power  comes  the  responsibility.  This  Ex- 
position, if  the  general  tone  of  business  continues,  ought 
to  be,  in  the  matter  of  attendance  and  universal  inter- 
est, a  pronounced  success.  The  matter  of  interesting 
the  world,  securing  attendance,  securing  exhibits,  at- 
tracting the  attention  of  different  classes  of  people  would 
insure  success.  The  law  of  Congress  is  pretty  thoroughly 
considered.  It  was  pretty  thoroughly  debated  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  particularly.  No  part  of  the 
law  was  more  thoroughly  considered  than  this  part, 
which  contemplated  the  interesting  of  the  women  of  the 
world  in  the  Exposition  about  to  be  given. 

Determine  at  the  earliest  day  practicable  what  the 
view  of  this  Board  is  as  to  what  part  women  are  to  take 
in  the  Exposition.  That  subject  cannot  be  too  promptly 
considered  or  decided  upon.  You  are  to  plan  the  scope 
of  women's  work  in  this  Exposition.  Give  the  repre- 
sentation of  women's  work  in  this  Exposition  a  national 


SECOND  MEETING  37 

or  international  character.  If  of  an  international  charac- 
ter will  this  Board  undertake  to  select  the  people  who  are 
to  go  abroad  to  represent  the  women  of  this  country  in 
appealing  to  the  women  of  other  countries  ?  ...  It  is  a 
matter  of  supreme  consequence  that  the  women  of  the 
country  shall  be  represented  in  a  manner  that  will  be 
approved  by  themselves  at  least.  ...  I  think  it  rests 
with  you  to  formulate  plan  and  scope  and  transmit  that 
formulated  plan  and  scope  to  this  Commission  to  be 
approved  by  the  Commission,  and  approved  by  the 
Local  Company,  as  a  part  of  the  program  of  this  Expo- 
sition. It  was  the  intention  when  this  Board  was  ap- 
pointed to  get  together  a  body  of  representative  women 
from  all  over  the  United  States  and  that  this  body  when 
assembled  would  become  a  directing  force  along  general 
lines.  In  the  matter  of  women's  work  there  is  no  limit. 
You  exercise  "general  supervisory  control."  I  would 
say  that,  in  pursuance  of  authority  granted  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers,  this  Board  should  adopt  resolutions 
stating  that  no  woman  shall  be  appointed  to  represent 
the  Exposition  by  either  the  National  Commission  or 
the  Local  Company  until  the  name  of  such  represent- 
ative shall  have  been  submitted  to  and  ratified  by  this 
Board  of  Lady  Managers.  You  will  find  in  talking  with 
this  Company  a  keen  anxiety  to  quickly  adopt  any  sug- 
gestions that  will  bring  about  success  in  any  line.  Claim 
whatever  you  think  in  the  form  of  a  rule,  assert  your 
right  to  approve  or  confirm  if  you  please  every  one 
appointed  to  push  this  woman's  work  anywhere.  In 
regard  to  a  building  —  say  what  you  want ;  submit 
your  plans  to  this  Commission;  place  your  wants  in  the 
form  of  a  resolution  to  be  approved  by  the  Commission 


38  REPORT 

and  the  Local  Company;  the  approval  will  carry  with  it 
the  expense.  We  will  regard  any  expenditure  which 
you  may  make  as  "  legitimate  Exposition  work,"  — 
commissioners  to  go  abroad,  or  whatsoever  it  may  be. 

There  is  a  large  amount  of  money  available  for  this 
Exposition.  It  has  been  handled  with  the  utmost  care, 
skill,  and  excessive  prudence  by  the  Company,  but  that 
shows  merely  a  good,  sound  economical  management; 
however,  there  is  ample  means,  means  that  will  un- 
questionably apply  to  meet  every  want. 

At  the  session  on  November  20,  the  Committee  named 
to  prepare  resolutions  to  be  presented  through  the 
National  Commission  to  the  Exposition  Company, 
offered  the  following,  which  were  adopted,  and  copies 
forwarded  to  the  Commission  and  Company :  — 

First  :  The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  respectfully 
call  the  attention  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
Company  to  the  Act  approved  March  3,  1901,  under 
which  Act  this  Board  has  the  power  to  appoint  one 
member  of  all  committees  authorized  to  award  prizes 
for  such  exhibits  as  may  have  been  produced  in  whole 
or  in  part  by  women.  The  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
decline  to  accept  the  amendment  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  Company  to  this  Act  of  Congress 
expressed  in  a  resolution  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company  as 
follows:  To  nominate  one  member  of  all  committees 
authorized  to  award  prizes  for  such  exhibits  as  shall 
have  been  produced  in  whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor. 

Second :  The  Board  protests  against  the  appointment, 


SECOND  MEETING  39 

without  its  authority,  of  any  representative  at  home 
or  abroad  connected  with  work  for  which  this  Board 
is  responsible. 

Third:  That  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  select, 
with  the  approval  of  the  Local  Company,  two  of  its 
members  to  awaken  interest  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  among  women  in  other  countries. 

Fourth:  That  the  President  of  this  Board  be  au- 
thorized, at  her  discretion,  to  appoint  committees  to 
visit  each  State  to  enlist  the  cooperation  of  the  women 
in  securing  the  proper  representation  of  woman's  work 
at  the  Exposition  in  St.  Louis;  and  in  furtherance, that 
the  Governor  of  each  State  be  formally  requested  to 
name  two  women  on  the  State  Commission. 

Fifth:  That  the  Local  Company  be  requested  to 
appropriate  $50,000  for  the  erection  of  a  woman's 
building  on  the  Fair  Grounds,  to  be  used  after  the  close 
of  the  Exposition  as  a  Hall  of  Philanthropy. 

Sixth:  The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  request  the 
Directors  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Com- 
pany to  provide  money  to  meet  the  current  expenses  of 
this  Board.  They  are  further  requested  to  notify  this 
Board  in  writing  of  the  amount  appropriated  for  this 
purpose.  It  is  the  sense  of  this  Board  that  an  allowance 
of  five  cents  per  mile  and  $10  per  diem  be  allowed;  the 
per  diem  to  cover  the  time  from  the  day  of  departure 
until  the  day  of  return. 

Seventh :  That  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  acting  in  harmony  with 
the  local  committees  appointed  by  the  President  of  this 
Board,  shall  have  supervisory  control  of  the  entertain- 
ments of  all  women's  organizations  desiring  to  hold 


40  REPORT 

meetings  in  the  building  that  will  be  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  this  Board. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

(Signed)  MRS.  RICHARD  W.  KNOTT,  Chairman. 
MRS.  JAMES  L.  BLAIR,  President. 

To  the  copy  of  the  above  resolutions  which  was  sent 
to  the  National  Commission,  President  Carter  replied  as 

follows :  — 

ST.  Louis,  U.  S.  A.,  November  29,  1902. 

Mrs.  Apolline  M.  Blair, 

President  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

DEAR  MADAM,  —  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge 
receipt  of  a  set  of  resolutions  adopted  by  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  at  their  meeting  in  New  York  City,  on 
November  20,  1902. 

You  are  informed  that  the  resolutions  have  been 
transmitted,  with  proper  recommendations,  to  the  Local 
Company  for  consideration.  You  are  also  informed 
that  correction  of  objectionable  rule  in  the  "Rules  and 
Regulations  governing  the  system  of  awards,"  to  which 
reference  is  made  in  the  first  subdivision  of  the  reso- 
lutions, has  been  made.  The  rule  referred  to,  as  cor- 
rected, will  embrace  the  word  "appoint"  instead  of 
"nominate." 

You  are  also  informed  that  the  Commission  deems 
it  inexpedient  to  apply  to  Congress  for  an  appropria- 
tion to  aid  in  the  construction  of  the  proposed  Hall  of 
Philanthropy.  The  Commission  does  not  wish  to  be 
understood  as  being  opposed  to  this  commendable 
enterprise,  but  instead  favors  the  proposition.  The 


SECOND  MEETING  41 

disinclination  to  appeal  to  Congress  for  aid  arises  from 
an  understanding  with  the  Company  and  leading  mem- 
bers of  Committees  of  Congress,  that  no  further  appro- 
priation would  be  sought  from  the  General  Government 
in  connection  with  the  Fair. 

After  a  conference  with  the  President  and  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Exposition  Company,  the  Commission  is 
gratified  to  be  able  to  inform  you  of  the  disposition  of 
those  officers  to  consult  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
with  reference  to  the  appointment  of  all  persons  in- 
tended in  any  manner  to  represent  the  Board,  or  its 
work,  in  the  exploitation  of  the  Exposition  at  home  or 
abroad.  We  are  also  able  to  convey  to  you  the  assurance 
which  has  been  conveyed  to  the  Commission  by  Pre- 
sident Francis,  that  it  is  the  disposition  of  the  Exposi- 
tion Company  to  furnish  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
adequate  and  comfortable  accommodations  upon  the 
grounds  controlled  by  the  Company.  The  President  of 
the  Company  will  communicate  with  your  honorable 
Board  with  reference  to  this  and  other  subjects  referred 
to  in  the  resolutions. 

You  are  informed  that,  agreeable  to  an  arrangement 
made  nearly  twelve  months  ago,  the  accounts  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  will  be  paid  direct  by  the 
Exposition  Company.  It  is  desirable  that  your  Board 
should  transmit  all  accounts  direct  to  Mr.  W.  B.  Stevens, 
Secretary  of  the  Exposition  Company,  by  whom  all 
settlements  will  be  made. 

Yours  very  truly, 
(Signed)  THOS.  H.  CARTER,  President. 

Meeting  adjourned  subject  to  the  call  of  the  President. 


42  REPORT 

THIRD  MEETING   OF  THE   BOARD,   FEBRUARY   16,   1903 

The  next  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
was  called  by  the  President,  Mrs.  Blair,  at  the  Murray 
Hill  Hotel,  New  York  City,  New  York,  February  16, 
1903.  A  letter  was  read  that  had  been  received  by  the 
President  of  the  Board  from  the  Exposition  Company, 
in  which  an  offer  was  made,  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the 
Board,  of  one  of  the  permanent  buildings  to  be  erected 
for  the  Washington  University  (and  subsequently  to  be 
used  by  it  as  a  Hall  of  Physics),  to  be  known  during  the 
Exposition  period  as  the  "Building  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers."  This  structure  appealed  specially 
to  the  members  of  the  Board,  from  the  fact  that  it  had 
been  endowed  by  a  woman,  Mrs.  Eliza  Eads  How,  of 
St.  Louis,  and  the  offer  was  accepted.  The  building 
was  finished  about  the  middle  of  April,  1904,  and  there- 
after remained  the  headquarters  of  the  Board  during 
the  term  of  the  Exposition.  While  it  was  not  perfectly 
adapted  for  a  woman's  building,  they  made  it  as  at- 
tractive as  possible,  and  it  served  for  their  entertaining 
and  occupancy  far  better  than  had  been  anticipated. 
Upon  motion,  it  was  decided  that  the  furnishing  of  the 
building  for  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  be  under 
the  supervision  of  the  President  of  the  Board. 

On  February  16,  1903,  a  communication  was  re- 
ceived from  Mr.  Corwin  H.  Spencer,  Acting  President 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company,  stat- 
ing that  $3000  had  been  appropriated  by  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Exposition  Company  for  the  use  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 


THIRD  MEETING  43 

Although  the  members  of  the  Board  were  not  only 
willing  but  anxious  to  settle  upon  some  definite  line  of 
action,  the  vagueness  of  their  powers  outlined  by  the 
members  of  the  Commission,  together  with  the  obstacle 
presented  by  the  lack  of  funds,  had  caused  them  to  be 
most  conservative  in  action;  without  the  positive  as- 
surance of  financial  aid  they  were  not  in  a  position  to 
decide  definitely  upon  a  plan  of  future  work.  This  con- 
dition eventually  led  to  the  appointment  by  the  Presi- 
dent, Mrs.  Blair,  of  two  committees,  one  known  as  the 
"Committee  to  confer  with  the  National  Commission 
on  matters  pertaining  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers," 
and  which  consisted  of  Miss  Lavinia  H.  Egan,  Chair- 
man, Mrs.  Finis  P.  Ernest,  Mrs.  Helen  Boice-Hun- 
sicker,  and  Mrs.  William  E.  Andrews;  and  the  second, 
known  as  a  "Committee  on  Woman's  Work,"  consist- 
ing of  Mrs.  Mary  Phelps  Montgomery,  Chairman,  Mrs. 
John  M.  Holcombe,  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  Mrs.  Ed- 
ward L.  Buchwalter,  Miss  Helen  M.  Gould,  Mrs.  Rich- 
ard W.  Knott,  and  Miss  Anna  L.  Dawes.  Both  of  these 
committees  were  to  confer  with  the  National  Commis- 
sion, and  the  latter  committee  with  the  Local  Company. 

Upon  motion,  duly  seconded  and  carried,  the  meet- 
ing adjourned  to  meet  in  St.  Louis,  April  29,  1903. 

A  reception  was  given  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers to  the  President- General,  officers  and  members  of 
the  12th  Continental  Congress  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution,  at  the  New  Willard  Hotel,  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  on  February  26,  1903.  The  Com- 
mittee consisted  of  Mrs.  Horton,  Chairman,  Mrs.  Hol- 
combe, Mrs.  Montgomery,  Mrs.  Andrews,  Mrs.  Moores, 


44  REPORT 

Mrs.  Coleman,  Mrs.  Hunsicker,  Mrs.  Porter,  and  Mrs. 
Hanger.  Invitations  were  extended  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States  and  his  Cabinet,  Diplomatic  Corps, 
officials  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  members  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  the  Government  Board, 
the  National  Commission  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  and  officials  connected  with  the  Exposition 
resident  in  Washington.  The  Exposition  Company  was 
most  generous  in  allowing  $600  for  the  cost  of  this 
reception. 

The  two  committees  appointed  to  confer  with  the 
National  Commission  and  Local  Company  on  matters 
pertaining  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  met  at  the 
Southern  Hotel,  St.  Louis,  March  11,  1903,  and  were 
admitted  to  a  conference  with  the  National  Commis- 
sion on  that  day.  The  subject  of  the  work  and  duties 
of  the  Board  was  reopened  by  the  following  questions :  — 

First :  What  special  work  does  the  Commission  de- 
sire the  Board  to  perform  before  the  opening  of  the 
Exposition  ? 

Second:  What  service  will  the  Commission  require 
from  the  Board  between  the  opening  and  closing  of  the 
Exposition  ? 

To  these  questions  Senator  Carter  replied  as  follows : — 
The  plan  and  scope  of  your  work  must  first  be  de- 
termined, and,  in  an  advisory  or  suggestive  sense  only, 
I  venture  to  submit  for  your  consideration  a  plan  and 
scope  which  would  require  your  Board :  — 

First:  To  make  due  preparation  for  the  intelligent 


THIRD   MEETING  45 

selection  of  one  member  of  all  committees  authorized 
to  award  prizes  for  such  exhibits  as  may  have  been 
produced  in  whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor. 

Second :  To  advise  the  Commission,  from  time  to 
time,  as  to  the  desired  extent  and  the  appropriate 
manner  of  woman's  participation  in  the  ceremonies 
incident  to  the  dedication,  opening,  and  conduct  of  the 
Exposition. 

Third :  To  confer  and  advise  with  the  officers  and 
chiefs  of  the  Exposition  on  the  progress  being  made 
from  time  to  time  in  exciting  the  interest  and  enlisting 
the  cooperation  of  women  in  the  several  departments, 
and  to  appoint  all  committees  necessary  to  carry  out 
the  purpose,  and  to  procure  information  on  the  extent 
of  woman's  participation  in  the  Exposition. 

Fourth :  To  encourage  the  presentation  of  exhibits 
by  women  by  correspondence,  advertising,  or  such  other 
means  as  the  Company  may  approve. 

Fifth :  To  collect  statistics  of  women's  work  in  con- 
nection with  the  Exposition,  for  publication. 

Sixth :  To  encourage  by  correspondence,  or  other- 
wise, attendance  at  the  Exposition  of  societies  and 
associations  of  women,  and  the  holding  of  conventions, 
congresses,  and  other  meetings  of  women. 

Seventh :  To  maintain  within  the  grounds  during  the 
period  of  the  Exposition  an  organization  for  the  relief 
of  women  and  children  who  may  be  found  in  need  of 
aid,  comfort,  or  special  protection. 

Eighth :  To  receive  and  officially  entertain  women, 
when  requested  so  to  do  by  the  Exposition  Company 
and  the  Commission. 

Ninth:  To  commission  members  of  the  Board,  or 


46  REPORT 

others,  with  the  approval  of  the  Commission  and  the 
Company,  to  travel  in  the  interest  of  the  Exposition, 
either  at  home  or  abroad. 

Tenth:  To  provide  for  the  constant  attendance  in 
rotation  of  at  least  three  members  of  the  Board  at  the 
Exposition  Grounds  from  April  30  to  December  1, 1904. 

Eleventh:  To  issue  bulletins  from  time  to  time  as 
the  Company  and  the  Commission  may  approve,  for 
the  special  information  of  women,  and  the  exploitation 
of  their  contributions  to  the  success  of  the  Exposition. 

These  suggestions  may  be  supplemented  by  others, 
and  some  of  them  may  be  disregarded  by  you  entirely. 
They  will,  however,  serve  to  convey  to  you  the  views 
of  the  Commission  on  the  general  range  of  work  you 
can,  if  you  wish,  undertake  to  perform,  subject  only  to 
the  limitation  that  you  submit  your  plan  when  agreed 
upon  to  the  Commission  and  the  Company  for  con- 
sideration and  approval,  to  the  end  that  harmony  may 
prevail. 

Let  us  not  at  any  time  lose  track  of  this  one  import- 
ant fact,  that  the  Exposition  will  be  enormously  ex- 
pensive at  best,  and  that  it  does  not  befit  us  to  look  up 
ways  and  means  of  expending  money  exclusively,  but  to 
have  some  regard  for  the  income  of  the  Exposition  Com- 
pany. Widespread  and  indiscriminate  entertainment 
of  societies  will  be  quite  impossible.  Within  the  scope 
of  your  work  there  should  be  some  committee  or  sub- 
division of  the  Board  to  begin  at  once  to  ascertain  what 
different  societies,  organizations,  and  women's  con- 
gresses could  be  assembled  here,  and  then  bring  them 
in  within  the  scope  of  your  work  for  submission  to  the 
Company.  We  will  gladly  submit  to  the  Company  a 


FOURTH  MEETING  47 

plan  for  the  disposal  of  matters  that  will  involve  a  rea- 
sonable limit  of  entertainment,  and  have  means  placed 
at  your  disposal  for  correspondence,  exploitation,  and 
entertainment.  Your  committees  ought  to  be  at  work 
now  and  continue  diligently  at  work  until  the  Expo- 
sition gates  open.  After  that  you  will  have  ample  work 
to  do  in  connection  with  carrying  out  the  projects  you 
will  have  previously  originated. 


FOURTH  MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD,  APRIL  28,  1903 

The  meeting  set  for  April  29  was  called  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  one  day  earlier,  and  the  members 
met  in  the  Administration  Building,  Exposition  Grounds, 
April  28,  1903. 

The  announcement  of  the  death  on  February  27, 
1903,  of  Mrs.  Washington  A.  Roebling,  the  member 
of  the  Board  from  New  Jersey,  was  read  and  received 
with  sorrow,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  draft 
suitable  resolutions  to  be  spread  upon  the  minutes  of 
the  Board. 

On  that  day  the  following  Rules  and  Regulations 
were  adopted  by  the  Board,  a  copy  being  submitted 
to  the  National  Commission  and  subsequently  ap- 
proved by  that  body  on  April  29,  1903,  and  by  the 
Exposition  Company  January  12,  1904. 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS 

No.  1.    MEETINGS. 

All  the  meetings  of  the  Board  shall  be  held  in  the  city 
of  St.  Louis.    The  regular  meetings  shall  be  held  at 


48  REPORT 

such  times  as  may  be  designated  by  a  majority  vote 
of  the  Board. 

Special  meetings  shall  be  subject  to  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board,  the  President  of  the  National 
Commission,  or  written  request  of  five  members  of 
the  Board.  The  President  shall  convene  the  Board 
in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  request. 

No.  2.    OFFICERS. 

The  officers  of  the  Board  shall  consist  of  a  President, 
eight  Vice-Presidents,  a  Secretary,  and  a  Treasurer. 

No.  3.    DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS. 

The  President  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the 
Board,  and  shall  sign  all  requisitions  for  funds  to  be 
advanced  to  the  Treasurer,  and  examine  and  approve 
all  accounts  to  be  paid  by  the  Treasurer. 

No.  4.    DUTIES  OF  VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  the  Vice-Presidents 
shall  preside  alternately  from  session  to  session,  in  the 
order  of  their  official  designation. 

No.  5.  DUTIES  OF  SECRETARY. 
The  Secretary  shall  keep  a  correct  record  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Board,  and  shall  attend  to  the  giving 
or  serving  of  all  notices  of  meetings.  She  shall  conduct 
the  official  correspondence  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as 
the  Board  may  assign  to  her.  She  shall  notify  all 
Committees  of  their  appointments,  and  also  the  work 
assigned  to  them.  Previous  to  each  meeting  she  shall 
make  out  an  order  of  business  for  the  Chair,  and 
also  a  list  of  Standing  and  Special  Committees. 
She  shall  make  her  headquarters  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis. 


RULES  AND   REGULATIONS  49 

No.  6.    DUTIES  OF  TREASURER. 

The  Treasurer  shall  have  the  care  and  custody  of  all 
funds  coming  into  the  possession  of  the  Board,  and 
shall  disburse  the  same  only  upon  order  of  the  Board, 
and  the  approval  of  its  President.  At  each  regular 
meeting  of  the  Board  she  shall  render  an  itemized 
statement  of  all  receipts  and  disbursements  from  the 
date  of  the  last  report,  and  shall,  whenever  directed 
by  the  Board,  deposit  the  unexpended  balance  with 
the  Treasurer  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
Company. 

No.  7.    QUORUM. 

Nine  members  of  the  Board  shall  constitute  a  Quorum 
for  the  transaction  of  business. 

No.  8.    EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

The  Board  shall  elect  an  Executive  Committee  of 
seven  members.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Executive 
Committee  to  devise  plans  relative  to  the  work  within 
the  legal  jurisdiction  of  the  Board,  and  submit  from 
time  to  time  recommendations  to  the  Board  for  con- 
sideration and  action  with  the  view  of  making  arrange- 
ments for  appropriate  Committees.  The  Executive 
Committee  shall  elect  its  own  Chairman  and  Secretary. 

No.  9.    STANDING  COMMITTEES. 

The  following  Standing  Committees  shall  be  con- 
stituted and  shall  be  elected  by  ballot,  unless  other- 
wise specifically  provided  herein. 
First.    A  Committee  on  Rules. 
Second.    A  Committee  on  Work. 
Third.    A  Committee  on  Awards. 
Fourth.    Exposition  Rotating  Committee. 
Fifth.    An  Auditing  Committee. 


50  REPORT 

No.  10.    COMMITTEE  ON  RULES. 

The  Committee  on  Rules  shall  consist  of  three  (3) 
members,  and  shall  prepare  and  present  to  the  Board 
such  amendments  to  the  Rules  and  Regulations  as 
may  from  time  to  time  be  found  necessary. 

No.  11.    COMMITTEE  ON  WORK. 

The  Committee  on  Work  shall  consist  of  five  mem- 
bers and  shall  prepare  and  present  to  the  Executive 
Committee  a  plan  covering  the  scope  of  Woman's 
Work. 

No.  12.    COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS. 

The  Committee  on  Awards  shall  consist  of  three  mem- 
bers, whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  collect  and  report  to 
the  Board  such  information  as  will  enable  the  Board 
to  execute  intelligently  the  provision  of  Section  6  of 
the  Act  of  Congress,  approved  March  3,  1901. 

No.  13.   THE  EXPOSITION  ROTATING  COMMITTEE. 
A  Committee  of  six  members  of  the  Board  to  be 
designated  by  the  Executive  Committee  shall  be  in  at- 

'•  tendance  at  the  Exposition  from  April  30  to  Decem- 
ber 1,  1904,  in  the  discharge  of  such  duties  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  National  Commission,  or  may  arise 
from  time  to  time  within  that  period,  and  appropri- 
ately require  consideration  and  action  of  such  Com- 
mittee. Four  members  of  each  Committee  shall  be 
appointed  at  the  end  of  each  calendar  month,  begin- 
ning May  31,  1904.  The  appointments  shall  be  so 
made  that  no  member  shall  serve  more  than  two 
consecutive  months. 

No.  14.   AUDITING  COMMITTEE. 

The  Auditing  Committee  shall  consist  of  three  mem- 
bers elected  by  the  Board,  and  shall  examine  and 


EXERCISES  OF  DEDICATION  51 

audit  the  accounts  of  the  Treasurer,  and  present  to 
the  Board  a  written  report  concerning  each  settlement, 
which  shall  be  made  promptly  upon  the  receipt  of  the 
Treasurer's  itemized  statement  required  by  Rule  6. 

No.  15.    SPECIAL  COMMITTEES. 

Special  Committees  may  be  appointed  by  direction 
of  the  Board  to  consider  matters  not  included  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  any  Committee  provided  for  herein. 

No.  16.    AMENDMENTS. 

These  Rules  and  Regulations  may  be  amended  at 
any  regular  meeting  of  the  Board  by  a  two-thirds 
vote  of  the  members  present,  written  notice  of  pro- 
posed amendment  having  been  given  at  least  one 
day  in  advance  of  action  thereon. 

No.  17.    ORDER  OF  BUSINESS. 
Reading  of  the  Minutes. 
Reports  of  Standing  Committees. 
Reports  of  Special  Committees. 
Unfinished  Business. 
New  Business. 
Adjournment. 

This  order  of  business  may  be  suspended  at  any  regu- 
lar meeting  by  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  present. 

No.  18. 

Robert's  Rules  of  Order  shall  govern  the  proceed- 
ings of  this  Board. 

EXERCISES  OF    DEDICATION 

Upon  the  centennial  of  the  day  the  Louisiana  Terri- 
tory was  sold  by  Napoleon  to  the  United  States,  the 
Exposition  which  embodied  all  that  the  vast  territory 


52  REPORT 

now  represents  was  consecrated  to  its  purpose.  In  the 
presence  of  50,000  persons,  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  was  formally  dedicated.  Twelve  thousand 
troops,  the  pick  of  the  United  States  regular  army,  and 
the  best  militia  of  the  country,  moved  past  a  given  point 
for  one  hour  and  a  half,  under  Major-General  Henry 
C.  Corbin,  U.  S.  A.,  Grand  Marshal.  Governors  and 
their  staffs  were  loudly  cheered  as  they  appeared  at  the 
head  of  their  state  troops.  Gathered  on  the  reviewing 
stand  was  a  notable  assembly,  —  our  Chief  Executive 
President  Roosevelt,  ex-President  Cleveland,  Ambassa- 
dors and  Diplomats,  Cabinet  Officers,  the  Lieut.-General 
of  the  Army  Nelson  A.  Miles,  Cardinal  Gibbons,  and 
Bishop  Potter,  Senators,  Representatives,  Governors, 
State  and  Territorial  Representatives,  Government 
Officials,  President  Francis,  and  the  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company,  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Commission,  and  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

At  the  meeting  in  the  Liberal  Arts  Building  following 
the  parade,  President  Carter  of  the  National  Commis- 
sion addressed  the  great  assembly.  The  enthusiasm 
was  unbounded,  when,  in  turn,  the  President  and  ex- 
President  spoke  to  the  vast  multitude.  After  the  meet- 
ing an  adjournment  was  made  to  the  Administration 
Building,  where  President  Roosevelt  and  ex-President 
Cleveland  received  many  of  their  friends,  and  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  entertained  a  distinguished 
company  at  five  o'clock  in  their  rooms  in  the  Adminis- 
tration Building.  Among  the  guests  present  at  the  din- 
ner tendered  in  the  evening  by  Hon.  David  R.  Francis 
to  President  Roosevelt,  in  the  building  of  the  Hall  of 


EXERCISES  OF  DEDICATION  53 

Congresses,  were  several  members  of  President  Roose- 
velt's Cabinet,  ex-President  Cleveland,  Lieut-General 
Nelson  A.  Miles,  diplomatic  representatives  of  thirty 
foreign  governments,  Governors,  Senators,  National 
Commissioners,  and  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

The  second,  or  "International  Day,"  the  procession 
was  arranged  as  on  the  first  day,  the  introductory 
oration  being  delivered  in  the  Palace  of  Liberal  Arts. 
President  Francis  extended  greeting  to  representatives 
of  foreign  governments,  and  responses  were  made  by 
Ambassador  Jusserand,  of  the  French  Government, 
and  Senor  Don  Emilio  de  Ojeda,  Spanish  Minister  to 
the  United  States.  In  the  evening  a  reception  was  given 
at  the  St.  Louis  Club  in  honor  of  the  Diplomatic  Corps, 
and  a  banquet  was  tendered  to  visiting  journalists  in  the 
Hall  of  Congresses  on  the  Exposition  Grounds. 

The  third,  or  "State  Day,"  the  visiting  governors 
were  specially  entertained,  and  the  closing  exercises 
held,  after  which  the  governors  and  representatives  of 
different  states  proceeded  to  the  sites  that  had  been 
allotted  their  respective  state  pavilions,  and  broke  ground 
and  laid  corner-stones  with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

In  all  of  the  exercises  of  the  three  opening  days  the 
members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  by  their  par- 
ticipation in  the  ceremonies,  represented  the  women  of 
the  country. 

On  Saturday,  May  2,  1903,  the  following  resolution 
was  offered  by  Mrs.  Edward  L.  Buchwalter,  the  first 
vice-president :  — 

WHEREAS,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  find  it  necessary  to  have 


54  REPORT 

funds  at  their  disposal  for  the  proper  conduct  of  the 
business  of  the  Board,  therefore, 

BE  IT  RESOLVED,  —  That  a  committee  of  three  be 
appointed  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  secure  such  an 
appropriation  from  Congress  at  the  earliest  possible 
date;  that  said  Gommittee  be  and  is  hereby  directed  to 
take  immediate  action  in  such  matter,  and  that  said  sum 
shall  not  be  less  than  $100,000. 

Upon  the  adoption  of  this  resolution,  Mrs.  Daniel 
Manning  was  made  Chairman,  and  in  accepting  the 
appointment  she  asked  the  members  of  the  Board  to  use 
their  influence  with  the  Senators  and  Congressmen  of 
their  States  for  the  passage  of  the  bill. 

At  this  meeting  (May  2,  1903),  the  President  an- 
nounced the  appointment  of  the  following  Standing 
Committees:  Executive,  Entertainment,  Foreign  Rela- 
tions, Women's  Congresses,  Press;  and  the  Committee 
on  Woman's  Work  was  enlarged. 

An  invitation  was  received  from  the  Wednesday 
Club  of  St.  Louis,  in  which  a  reception  was  tendered 
by  that  organization  to  the  Board.  The  courtesy  was 
greatly  appreciated  and  promptly  accepted,  and  the 
occasion  brought  together  an  interesting  assembly. 


FIFTH  MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD 

DECEMBER  15-18,  1903 

No  further  meeting  was  held  until  December  15,  1903 ; 
this  was  called  by  the  National  Commission,  and  held 
in  St.  Louis,  at  the  Southern  Hotel,  Mrs.  E.  L.  Buch- 
walter,  first  vice-president,  presiding.  The  following 
communication  was  then  read  by  the  Secretary:  — 

ST.  Louis,  U.  S.  A.,  October  81,  1903. 

Board  of  Lady  Managers  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition . 
LADIES,  —  I  herewith  tender  to  you  my  resignation 
from  the  office  of  President,  to  which  you  did  me  the 
honor  to  elect  me.  Begging  you  to  accept  the  same  with 
my  best  wishes  for  the  welfare  and  success  of  the  Board 
in  the  future,  I  remain 

Always  faithfully  yours, 

APOLLINE  M.  BLAIR. 

The  resignation  was  accepted  by  the  Board,  and  a 
committee  appointed  to  prepare  suitable  resolutions. 
At  the  afternoon  session  Miss  Dawes,  Chairman  of  this 
Committee,  presented  the  following :  — 

RESOLVED,  —  That  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  accepts  with  regret 
the  resignation  of  Mrs.  James  L.  Blair  as  President;  that 
it  places  upon  its  records  its  appreciation  of  her  service 
to  the  Board  and  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 
Her  large  abilities  and  her  experience  in  social  and  pub- 
lic affairs  have  been  freely  given  to  this  work,  and  she  has 


56  REPORT 

served  the  Board  and  the  Exposition  with  unwavering 
zeal  and  with  conspicuous  ability.  Her  enthusiasm  for 
the  Exposition,  her  far-reaching  sense  of  its  aims  and 
scope,  her  large  conception  of  the  possibilities  of  our 
connection  therewith  as  a  Board,  and  her  interests  in  its 
needs  inspired  her  administration  of  its  affairs  and  call 
for  the  recognition  and  thanks  of  this  Board,  whose  head 
and  representative  she  was,  and  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  which  she  served. 

RESOLVED,  —  That  this  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
express  its  recognition  and  gratitude  by  adopting  these 
resolutions  and  that  the  Secretary  be  directed  to  send  a 

copy  to  Mrs.  Blair. 

ANNA  L.  DAWES. 
HELEN  MILLER  GOULD. 
FRANCES  MARION  HANGER. 
JENNIE  GILLMORE  KNOTT. 
EMILY  S.  G.  HOLCOMBE. 

On  motion  of  Mrs.  Manning,  seconded  by  Mrs.  Cole- 
man,  the  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted. 

President  Francis  then  appeared  before  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers,  and  upon  the  invitation  of  the  Chair- 
man made  an  address,  in  which  he  said,  in  answer  to 
a  request  to  give  to  the  Board  some  idea  concerning 
the  cost  of  the  Exposition :  — 

I  can  only  give  you  the  comparisons  with  other  of  the 
largest  expositions  ever  held  in  this  or  any  other  country. 
I  will  state  as  compared  with  the  Paris  Exposition,  we 
are  now  nearer  a  state  of  completion  than  that  Expo- 
sition was  on  the  date  of  its  opening.  That  no  Exposi- 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903       57 

tion  was  ever  so  near  completed  four  and  a  half  months 
prior  to  its  opening.  Of  course  we  have  a  great  deal  of 
work  to  do,  and  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  although 
we  use  a  vast  amount  of  material,  90  per  cent,  of  the 
cost  is  put  in  labor  —  not  only  the  labor  out  on  the 
grounds,  but  the  labor  in  the  lumber  districts,  in 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  the  lumber  —  and  this 
comprises  the  greater  part  of  our  buildings  as  they 
are  built  almost  exclusively  of  lumber  —  the  value  of  it 
is  comparatively  small  as  compared  with  the  cost  of 
preparing  it  for  market  and  getting  it  here. 

Then  the  matter  of  wages  —  we  have  to  pay  33  per 
cent,  higher  wages  than  were  paid  at  the  Chicago  Ex- 
position. At  that  time  carpenters  got  35  cents  per  hour, 
—  you  may  remember  that  was  the  year  of  the  panic,  — 
1893.  When  we  first  began,  carpenters  in  this  town 
were  getting  45  cents  an  hour  —  they  are  now  getting 
55  cents  an  hour,  and  when  you  bear  in  mind  that  we 
have  5000  carpenters  at  work  there,  an  advance  of  25 
per  cent,  in  wages  means  something. 

We  broke  ground  on  December  20,  1901,  but  we 
did  that  because  it  was  the  anniversary  of  the  transfer 
of  this  territory  from  the  French  Government  to  the 
United  States.  But  that  was  two  years  ago,  and  in  those 
two  years  wages  have  gone  up  in  St.  Louis,  from  45  to 
55  cents ;  plumbers'  wages  have  advanced  25  per  cent. ; 
plasterers  were  getting  $4.50  per  day  —  we  are  now 
paying  them  $6,  and  on  last  Friday  they  struck  for  $7. 
The  hod-carriers  who  carry  plaster  for  the  plasterers 
are  getting  $4  per  day  —  count  25  working  days  in  the 
month,  our  hod-carriers  are  receiving  $100  per  month, 
which  is  more  than  educated  clerks  receive.  A  while 


58  REPORT 

ago  those  hod-carriers  struck  for  $4.50  per  day.  .  .  . 
This  is  a  Universal  Exposition  —  we  do  not  want  to 
take  a  stand  against  union  labor,  but  if  it  is  to  be  a  Uni- 
versal Exposition  we  must  stand  by  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  so  as  to  admit  contract  labor  from  abroad 
—  men  who  work  on  erecting  the  foreign  exhibits. 

We  were  paying  our  day  laborers  22£  cents  an  hour, 
and  the  railroads  throughout  the  country  were  giving 
them  22£  cents  an  hour;  on  the  25th  of  September  they 
wrote  that  they  had  four  demands;  one  was  the  recog- 
nition of  the  union  (no  one  ever  knew  they  had  a  union) ; 
second,  that  eight  hours  should  constitute  a  day;  third, 
they  should  get  30  cents  an  hour;  and  fourth,  time  and 
one  half  for  overtime.  Well,  in  order  not  to  stop  our 
work  I  told  the  men  to  pay  them  25  cents  an  hour,  but 
that  we  could  not  limit  our  work  to  an  eight-hour  day; 
it  was  in  the  fall  and  we  had  to  take  advantage  of  the 
fine  weather  —  we  would  pay  them  25  cents  an  hour 
and  work  as  long  as  we  wished  them  to  work  —  ten 
hours.  I  said  to  the  laborers,  this  is  not  a  commercial 
enterprise;  we  are  not  running  this  for  gain;  we  have 
put  up  $10,000,000  or  $15,000,000;  we  are  doing  a 
patriotic  duty,  celebrating  an  historical  event.  .  .  . 

We  have  50  per  cent,  more  of  buildings  under  roof 
than  Chicago  had  at  this  time.  We  have  1240  acres  of 
ground  space  covered  by  buildings,  while  Chicago  had 
679  acres,  which  is  nearly  twice  as  much.  When  we 
say  that  the  Chicago  Company  spent  $22,000,000  I 
think  you  will  say  that  under  the  circumstances  nine- 
teen and  a  half  millions  is  a  small  amount  for  us  to 
spend.  Of  course,  we  have  profited  by  their  experience, 
which  should  be  valuable  to  us. 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903      59 

A  committee  was  appointed  on  December  16,  1903, 
to  confer  with  President  Carter,  and  place  before  him 
the  following  resolution :  — 

RESOLVED,  —  That  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
respectfully  request  the  National  Commission  to  sus- 
pend its  rules  limiting  the  further  appointments  upon 
the  Board,  for  the  purpose  of  appointing  a  representative 
from  the  city  of  St.  Louis  upon  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers. 

On  the  same  day  the  following  communication  was 
received  in  reply :  — 

DEAR  Miss  DAWES,  —  The  Commission  has  under 
consideration  the  question  propounded  by  you,  under- 
stood to  be  substantially  as  follows:  "Is  it  the  intention 
of  the  Commission  and  the  Exposition  Company  to 
suspend  the  rule  heretofore  adopted,  whereby  it  is  pro- 
vided that  no  appointment  will  be  made  on  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers,  until  the  number  shall  be  reduced 
below  twenty-one?'* 

In  reply,  I  am  authorized  by  the  Commission  to  say 
that  the  Exposition  Company,  speaking  through  its 
President,  has  intimated  that  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Company  will  present  a  request  to  the  Commis- 
sion for  the  suspension  of  the  rule  referred  to,  to  the 
end  that  a  lady  residing  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  may 
be  appointed  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers, under  such  suspension  of  the  rule. 

This  request,  we  are  advised,  will  be  presented  by 
the  Company  to-day,  and  the  Commission  is  disposed 


60  REPORT 

to  suspend  the  rule  by  unanimous  consent  in  conform- 
ity to  the  request  when  presented,  and  to  appoint  the 
lady  recommended  by  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Company.  You  will  be  advised  of  the  action  of  the 
Commission  on  the  subject  under  consideration  at  the 
earliest  practicable  moment. 

Very  respectfully, 

THOMAS  H.  CARTER,  President. 
Miss  ANNA  L.  DAWES, 

Chairman  of  Committee,  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

Later  the  following  letter  was  received  from  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  National  Commission  on  the  same  subject: — 

MADAM,  —  By  direction  of  the  Commission  I  am 
authorized  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  resolution 
recommending  that  the  Commission  suspend  the  rule 
restricting  the  membership  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers, to  the  end  that  an  appointment  may  be  made  of  a 
representative  from  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  In  reply  thereto 
you  are  informed  that  the  rule  referred  to  cannot  be  sus- 
pended, save  by  the  joint  action  of  this  Commission 
and  the  Exposition  Company.  The  Commission  feels 
indisposed  to  initiate  any  movement  looking  to  its  sus- 
pension. If  requested  by  the  Exposition  Company  to 
suspend  the  rule  for  the  purpose  of  naming  some  lady 
residing  in  St.  Louis,  recommended  by  the  Exposition 
Company,  the  Commission  would  probably,  by  unani- 
mous consent,  suspend  the  rule  for  that  purpose. 
Very  respectfully, 

THOMAS  H.  CARTER,  President. 

To  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903       61 

As  no  decision  could  be  reached  by  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Exposition  Company  in  regard  to  a 
choice  of  representative  from  the  city  of  St.  Louis  on 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  the  Board  felt  the  neces- 
sity of  selecting  a  President  from  its  existing  member- 
ship, and  at  the  next  session,  on  December  16,  again 
held  in  the  Administration  Building,  Mrs.  John  M. 
Holcombe  moved  that  "we  proceed  at  once  to  elect  a 
President  of  this  Board." 

Mrs.  Buchwalter,  the  Chairman,  stated  that  it  was 
in  order  to  proceed  with  the  election  of  a  President  of 
the  Board,  and  asked  for  nominations.  Miss  Helen  M. 
Gould  spoke  as  follows :  — 

I  would  like  to  nominate  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning  for 
this  office.  Mrs.  Manning  has  had  large  experience  in 
matters  of  this  kind  as  head  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution;  having  resided  in  Washington 
as  the  wife  of  one  of  the  members  of  Mr.  Cleveland's 
Cabinet,  and  in  representing  our  country  abroad,  having 
been  one  of  our  representatives  at  the  Paris  Exposition. 
I  understand  that  Mrs.  Manning  is  one  of  two  women 
from  this  country  who  received  the  decoration  from 
the  French  Government,  and  I  take  pleasure  in  nomi- 
nating her  for  the  office  of  President  of  this  Board. 

This  nomination  was  seconded  by  several  members, 
and  as  no  other  nominations  were  made,  the  tellers  an- 
nounced the  result  of  the  vote:  For  Mrs.  Manning, 
13  votes;  one  blank,  Mrs.  Manning  not  voting. 

The  Chairman  then  thanked  the  members  of  the 
Board  for  the  sympathy  and  help  they  had  given  her. 


62  REPORT 

In  reply  the  Secretary  extended  to  Mrs.  Buchwalter 
the  sincere  thanks  of  the  members  of  the  Board  for  the 
efficient  work  she  had  performed  as  their  1st  Vice- 
President  and  Honorable  Chairman;  and  Miss  Dawes 
spoke  for  the  entire  Board  in  expressing  her  thanks  to 
Mrs.  Buchwalter  for  her  impartiality,  confidence,  good 
management,  and  elegance  in  presiding. 

Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  the  newly  elected  President, 
then  took  the  chair,  and  thanked  the  Board  for  the  honor 
conferred  upon  her. 

The  order  of  business  was  then  proceeded  with,  and, 
pursuant  to  a  wish  expressed  by  the  National  Commis- 
sion to  meet  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  the  members 
of  the  Commission  were  announced  and  Mrs.  Manning 
said :  — 

Mr.  President,  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Commission: 
We  understood  that  you  would  graciously  come  over 
and  talk  with  us  a  little  while.  We  are  starting  in  on  a 
new  lease  of  life.  We  want  to  work  for  the  Exposition 
to  the  best  of  our  ability.  We  want  your  advice,  and 
wish  to  consult  you  about  a  number  of  matters,  but 
first,  we  would  like  to  hear  from  you. 

President  Carter  responded  as  follows :  — 

Madam  President,  and  Ladies,  —  We  have  come  to 
say  a  few  words  to  you  and  to  have  you  consult  with 
us  upon  any  subjects  you  desire  to  bring  up.  I  do  not 
know  how  graciously  we  have  come,  but  we  come  very 
cheerfully.  The  subject  of  your  remark  has  been  under 
consideration  for  a  long  time  and  we  all  regret  that  a 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903       63 

more  definite  conclusion  has  not  been  reached  relative 
to  the  sphere  of  your  activity  in  connection  with  the 
World's  Fair.  I  think  your  report,  the  report  of  your 
committee  of  which  Mrs.  Montgomery  is  Chairman, 
and  which  she  recently  submitted,  crystallizes  into  close 
compass  about  the  line  of  action  the  Board  might  ap- 
propriately pursue.  The  report  referred  to  dealt  not 
only  with  the  conclusion  reached,  but  the  details  whereby 
those  conclusions  were  reached.  It  included  discussions 
formal  and  informal  and  certain  correspondence  relating 
to  the  subject.  The  Commission  has  approved  that  re- 
port in  so  far  as  it  prescribed  in  definite  form  the  sphere 
of  your  work,  and  with  the  approval  of  the  Commission, 
that  report  has  been  forwarded  to  the  Local  Company. 
These  resolutions  or  statements  made  by  your  Board, 
which  in  your  judgment  would  constitute  a  proper 
sphere  of  action,  seem  to  embody  a  field  sufficiently 
broad  to  be  worthy  of  your  intentions.  It  was  hoped  by 
the  Commission  that  during  the  present  session  of  the 
Board,  the  members  of  the  Local  Company,  together 
with  the  Commission,  would  be  present  for  a  conference 
—  more  informal  than  formal  —  which  might  result 
in  a  correct  and  definite  understanding  as  to  just  what 
you  were  to  do,  and  how  you  were  to  do  it. 

The  only  conclusion  which  has  been  reached  is  that 
which  gives  you  a  contingent  fund,  which  seems  to  have 
been  adequate  for  the  meagre  necessities  of  the  past, 
but  I  believe  that  up  to  this  hour  the  exact  part  your 
Board  is  playing  in  connection  with  making  this  Expo- 
sition a  success  is  far  too  indefinite  to  be  satisfactory 
to  you,  and  it  is  certainly  not  satisfactory  to  the  Com- 
mission. Our  Commission  will  adjourn  to  meet  on  the 


64  REPORT 

10th  of  January,  and  we  hope  by  that  time  to  be  in  re- 
ceipt of  some  communication  from  the  Exposition 
Company  announcing  their  disposition  of  the  report 
I  have  referred  to,  and  the  scope  of  the  work  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers.  Notwithstanding  that  will 
be  at  a  very  late  date,  it  is  well  to  have  it  in  sight. 

The  ladies  of  your  Board  have  been  engaged,  with- 
out much  credit  being  given  to  the  Board  or  to  the  ladies 
themselves,  in  the  work  of  exploitation,  a  number  of 
the  ladies  have  done  most  efficient  work  in  their  respect- 
ive States  —  and  some,  in  the  adjoining  States,  —  call- 
ing the  attention  of  the  people  at  large,  and  in  some 
instances  the  legislative  sessions,  to  the  vastness,  scope, 
and  policy  of  the  Exposition.  It  is  unfortunate  that  your 
Board  does  not  receive  the  credit  which  this  line  of 
meritorious  effort  deserves.  In  the  end,  I  doubt  not  — 
that  in  the  final  reports,  you  will  be  accorded  full  meas- 
ure of  credit  for  what  you  have  done  individually  and 
collectively.  The  past  has  been  devoid  of  results  be- 
cause of  a  lack  of  understanding  to  start  with.  I  think 
you  are  now  beginning  an  era  more  promising  than  any 
outlook  you  have  had  in  the  past.  I  congratulate  you 
upon  having  reached  a  condition  of  harmony  within 
your  own  organization,  which  speaks  well  for  the  future. 
The  earnestness  of  this  Board,  the  disinterestedness  of 
its  members,  leading  them  in  the  first  instance  to  volun- 
teer their  services  to  this  great  enterprise,  has  been  an 
example  to  the  whole  country  of  national  devotion  which 
has  been  of  great  advantage  to  the  Exposition  manage- 
ment; your  gratuitous  and  earnest  effort  has  been  a 
means  of  making  the  Exposition  favorably  known 
throughout  this  country,  at  least.  Your  expenses  have 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903       65 

been  very  light  —  I  believe,  up  to  this  time,  less  than 
$20,000  —  in  the  neighborhood  of  $20,000,  which,  con- 
sidering the  long  distances  traveled,  the  number  of 
meetings,  is  a  trifling  sum  in  comparison  with  what  has 
been  spent  by  similar  boards  of  former  expositions. 

As  you  are  aware,  the  Act  of  Congress,  under  which 
both  the  Commission  and  your  Board  find  warrant  for 
existence,  granted  to  the  Local  Company  an  appro- 
priation of  $5,000,000  for  the  purposes  of  giving  this 
Exposition.  We  have  probably,  in  moments  of  incon- 
siderate feeling,  been  too  prone  to  find  fault  —  I  speak 
of  the  Commission,  not  of  the  ladies  —  prone  to  find  fault 
with  the  people  here  who  have  been  doing  the  best 
they  could.  There  has  been  a  disposition  to  assume  the 
control,  to  the  exclusion  of  outside  agencies  (and  this  is 
but  natural  because  it  is  inseparable  —  or  is  in  evidence 
with  reference  to  all  official  places  in  our  Government 
—  in  fact  it  has  been  noticed  that  a  man  who  is  ordi- 
narily indolent,  when  placed  in  power  will  become  very 
energetic  in  this  respect). 

The  Exposition  Company  has  assumed  a  full  meas- 
ure of  the  responsibilities  —  and,  possibly,  some  of  our 
responsibilities  as  well  —  for  which  we  have  not  been 
duly  grateful.  Nevertheless,  we  are  not  inclined  to  blame 
these  people,  because  they  have  contributed  very  largely 
and  generously  of  local  means  to  aid  this  enterprise, 
which  leads  them  to  the  desire  to  supervise  each  and 
every  detail  in  connection  with  this  work.  This  desire 
to  assume  full  responsibility  is  possibly  responsible  for 
the  failure  to  assign  to  the  ladies  any  particular  work, 
and  is  also  responsible  for  the  curtailing  of  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  National  Commission.  As  the  work  pro- 


66  REPORT 

gresses,  however,  I  think  that  the  company  realizes 
the  necessity  of  drawing  upon  all  the  forces  available 
to  make  the  Exposition  a  success. 

This  Commission  had  a  long  and  pleasant  inter- 
view with  the  President  of  the  Exposition,  at  which 
time  he  brought  out  a  desire  for  cooperation  and  assist- 
ance that  had  not  yet  been  manifested.  I  believe  now, 
as  your  body  is  organized,  from  the  harmonious  work 
accomplished  at  these  meetings,  and  its  cordial  relations 
with  the  Exposition  Company,  and  certainly  with  the 
Commission,  the  future  promises  more  than  has  been 
accorded  to  similar  organizations  in  the  past.  .  .  .  We 
thank  you,  ladies,  for  the  privilege  of  being  before  you, 
and  cheerfully  extend  our  salutations  on  the  election 
of  your  President,  and  upon  the  good  will  and  spirit  of 
harmony  which  prevails  among  you. 

Mr.  Lindsay  then  spoke  as  follows :  — 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  exists  by  operation  of 
law,  the  same  that  called  the  National  Commission  into 
existence.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  National  Commission 
to  create  it.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  National  Commis- 
sion and  of  the  local  Board  to  prescribe  the  powers  and 
duties  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  Of  course  these 
duties  could  not  be  accurately  and  technically  laid  out; 
we  could  only  confer  the  power  and  that  would  suggest 
what  duties  —  what  power  within  that  general  grant, 
they  should  exercise.  It  is  not  the  duty  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  to  be  supervised  by  or  to  be  subject  to 
the  local  Board.  I  was  struck  when  I  read  the  report 
made  by  Mrs.  Montgomery  of  her  interview  with  the 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903       67 

local  Board,  not  by  the  gracious  manner  in  which  she 
was  received  and  the  graceful  questions  that  were  asked, 
but  by  the  absolute  failure  in  any  particular  to  give 
definite  reply  or  take  any  action  upon  any  of  the  recom- 
mendations made  by  that  Committee. 

What  I  think  this  Board  ought  to  do  is  to  outline  or 
prescribe  the  actual  things  it  intends  to  do,  report  that  to 
the  National  Commission  and  the  local  Board,  and  then 
go  ahead,  not  waiting  to  know  whether  this  or  that  is 
within  its  powers,  or  whether  or  not  this  is  expedient 
and  whether  it  can  be  carried  out.  Let  some  one  take 
the  responsibility  of  saying  you  cannot  do  this  or  can- 
not do  that.  As  long  as  you  deal  in  generalities  with 
the  National  Commission,  or  agree  to  everything  that 
is  brought  up  by  the  Local  Company,  this  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  will  never  become  an  active  part  or 
parcel  of  this  great  Exposition. 

I  do  not  agree  with  my  friend,  Senator  Carter,  on 
another  thing,  and  that  is  that  these  people  are  en- 
titled to  any  consideration  on  account  of  the  money 
they  have  expended.  They  came  to  Congress  and 
asked  Congress  for  authority  to  do  this  very  thing; 
they  did  not  come  to  Congress  for  any  benefit  that  they 
expected  to  result  to  the  country,  but  on  account  of 
their  own  local  interests  and  to  glorify  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  and  the  people  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase, 
and,  upon  agreeing  that  they  would  do  these  things, 
privilege  was  granted  by  Congress,  and  the  appropria- 
tion made.  That  appropriation  is  not  part  of  their 
fund  —  that  is  the  fund  of  the  United  States  which  is 
being  distributed  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  preeminently 
for  the  city,  and  generally  for  the  United  States.  And, 


68  REPORT 

was  not  this  Board  of  Lady  Managers  created  by  the 
very  Act  of  Congress,  and  have  you  not  some  rights  in 
this  matter,  to  the  end  that  you  may  accomplish  the 
work  that  has  been  assigned  you  ? 

I  say  the  time  has  come  when  we  have  got  to  talk 
plainly  and  make  some  one  responsible  for  your  action 
or  non-action.  If  either  Board  considers  that  you  are 
going  beyond  your  powers,  they  will  have  the  right  to 
make  restrictions,  but  as  long  as  you  keep  within  these 
powers,  and  what  you  think  you  ought  to  do,  I  doubt 
if  your  work  will  be  restricted  in  any  way. 

It  is  now  only  four  months  before  the  Exposition 
opens,  and  if  there  is  ever  going  to  be  anything  accom- 
plished by  this  Board  it  is  none  too  early  to  begin.  For 
instance,  the  Act  of  Congress  provides  that  this  Board 
name  a  judge  on  all  the  juries  that  are  to  pass  upon 
the  results  of  female  labor;  we  agreed  to  it  and  the 
local  Board  agreed  to  it.  Now,  then,  have  you  any  no- 
tice on  which  juries  you  are  to  be  allowed  to  name  a 
juror  ?  Have  any  steps  been  taken  to  indicate  on  which 
of  these  committees  you  are  to  make  appointments? 
The  time  has  come  for  this  work  and  if  you  are  to  have 
any  authority,  or  if  you  are  to  do  any  of  this  work,  it 
will  not  be  of  credit  to  this  Board  unless  you  are  able 
to  make  the  proper  preparations  for  these  appoint- 
ments. But,  if  you  have  three  months  to  look  around, 
you  will  be  able  to  find  the  proper  persons  and  make 
these  appointments  intelligently.  I  hope  before  the 
next  meeting  of  the  National  Commission  you  will 
have  agreed  specifically  upon  what  you  can  do,  what 
you  desire  to  do,  and  what  you  are  ready  to  do,  so 
that  the  scope  of  action  and  authority  of  this  Board 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903      69 

can  be  conferred  upon  it,  and  insisting  that  the  local 
Board  here  either  approve  or  disapprove  of  your 
action. 

I  appreciate  all  the  troubles  and  difficulties  these 
people  have  had,  and  it  is  my  earnest  hope  that  they 
will  be  able  to  give  the  members  of  this  Board  a  decided 
answer  within  the  next  month.  .  .  . 

In  reply  to  a  statement  made  by  a  member  of  the 
Board  that  in  an  interview  with  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Exposition  Company,  Mr.  Skiff,  the  Di- 
rector of  Exhibits,  had  said  he  could  not  give  a  list  of 
exhibitors  (or  exhibits)  until  near  the  time  of  the  open- 
ing of  the  Exposition,  because  he  did  not  know  what 
would  be  entered,  and  the  lists  would  not  be  completed 
until  about  that  time,  Mr.  Lindsay  further  said :  — 

It  was  my  opinion  that  when  the  lists  of  classifica- 
tion were  completed,  there  was  nothing  else  to  be  in- 
quired into;  in  that  list,  everything  which  includes  the 
result  of  female  labor  constitutes  the  class  on  which 
you  are  to  appoint  a  juror.  The  general  classification 
forms  a  list  that  would  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

But  referring  to  another  matter,  I  think  that  there 
should  have  been  provided  by  Act  of  Congress  a  fund 
set  apart  for  the  ladies,  to  be  used  by  them.  Because, 
as  long  as  you  are  compelled  to  go  to  the  Commission, 
or  to  go  to  the  local  Board  to  ascertain  what  you  can 
spend  or  what  you  cannot  spend,  just  so  long  you  will 
not  be  able  to  do  anything  effectually.  I  know  that  the 
local  Board  is  going  to  object  to  all  this,  but  when  the 
local  Board  finds  that  by  consenting  to  your  reasonable 


70  REPORT 

wishes  it  is  enhancing  the  interests  of  the  Exposition, 
it  will  agree  to  a  proper  appropriation  and  other  proper 
demands  made  by  your  Board  which  relieve  that  Board 
of  any  further  duties  on  the  subject.  I  believe  that  I 
have  said  all  I  care  to  say.  But,  referring  to  the  rules, 
that  Board  and  the  Commission  can  advise  you  not  to 
enforce  certain  rules,  when  the  enforcement  of  them 
would  lead  you  into  difficulties,  but  just  as  long  as  the 
rules  you  make  for  yourselves  are  within  the  scope  of 
authority  and  duties  granted  us  and  prescribed  to  you, 
you  can  take  directions  from  the  Board  or  from  the 
Commission  if  you  choose  to,  but  you  do  not  need  to 
do  this  unless  you  choose  to. 

In  response  to  the  request  of  Mrs.  Manning  that 
Senator  Thurston  say  a  few  words,  he  responded :  — 

Perhaps  everybody  has  been  a  little  delinquent  in 
getting  this  Board  organized  and  in  position  where  it 
can  take  up  some  proper  work  that  will  be  of  benefit 
and  be  agreeable  to  the  ladies.  I  think,  perhaps,  with- 
out going  into  past  history,  that  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  perhaps  has  failed  to  do  what  it  might  have 
done  in  the  way  of  formulating  a  plan  for  its  own  par- 
ticipation in  the  Exposition,  and  that  was  growing  out 
of  circumstances  which  no  longer  exist.  I  believe  now 
this  Board  is  organized  with  a  President  who  is  heart 
and  soul  for  the  success  of  the  Exposition.  Without 
being  tied  up  to  anything  ,in  the  way  of  local  interests, 
it  will  be  better  able  to  compete  with  the  coming  situa- 
tion. There  is,  and  has  been  a  great  deal  of  hesitancy 
on  the  part  of  the  National  Commission  about  attempt- 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903       71 

ing  to  outline  a  plan  of  action  for  this  Board  of  Lady 
Managers.  We  provided  for  your  appointment  accord- 
ing to  law,  and  we  fell  into  the  belief,  I  hope  it  was  not 
an  error,  that  the  ladies  on  this  Board  would  know  a 
great  deal  better  what  they  wanted  to  do,  what  they 
ought  to  do,  and  what  would  be  best  for  them  to  do, 
than  this  Board  of  men,  who  had  never  had  anything 
to  do  with  these  ladies*  departments  except  to  partici- 
pate in  the  enjoyment  of  them  when  so  fortunate  as  to 
be  present. 

Now,  you  have  prepared  and  outlined  and  accepted 
your  rules  and  regulations  which  were  approved  by 
our  Commission  along  in  June,  I  think.  They  were 
prepared  in  April,  —  those  rules  and  regulations  were 
more  than  regulations  for  the  procedure  of  your  Board, 
as  I  recollect  them,  they  very  largely  outlined  the  field 
of  work  for  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  They  were 
adopted  and  modified  a  little  by  the  National  Commis- 
sion and  sent  to  the  Local  Company.  They  were  pre- 
pared in  April,  promptly  sent  to  the  Local  Company 
because  we  thought  without  their  action  they  could  not 
go  into  effect  —  and  there  they  have  been  ever  since. 
To  a  limited  extent  it  was  never  necessary  to  send  them 
there  so  far  as  the  organization  and  management  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  is  concerned  —  but,  when 
you  step  over  that  or  attempt  to  outline  the  scope  of 
your  work,  and  your  participation  in  the  affairs  of  the 
Exposition,  that  part  must  go  to  the  National  Commis- 
sion and  be  approved. 

Suppose,  for  instance,  these  ladies  decided  they 
would  like  to  participate  in  one  of  the  National  Con- 
gresses, that  they  would  take  charge  of  a  certain  Con- 


72  REPORT 

gress  out  at  the  Exposition,  I  do  not  think  any  of  them 
could  do  that  without  the  sanction  of  the  Local  Com- 
pany. 

I  am  very  positive  in  my  views  that  when  it  comes 
to  providing  for  the  legislation  of  this  Board  for  its  par- 
ticipation in  the  Fair,  it  cannot  be  done  without  the 
National  Commission,  and  especially  without  the  per- 
mission of  the  Company.  I  do  not  think  that  they  can 
decide  to  take  up  certain  lines  of  work  and  go  out  there 
to  do  it  without  having  some  agreement  on  the  subject. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  on  the  day  following, 
December  17,  1903,  Mrs.  Hanger  tendered  her  resig- 
nation from  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers,  and  Miss  Lavinia  H.  Egan  was  unani- 
mously elected  to  fill  the  vacancy.  Upon  this  occasion 
Mrs.  Coleman  presented  the  following  motion :  — 

That  the  resignation  of  Mrs.  Hanger  from  the  office 
of  Secretary  of  this  Board  be  accepted  with  regret,  and 
that  Mrs.  Hanger  be  extended  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks 
for  her  faithful,  painstaking,  and  efficient  work  for  the 
Board  as  such  official. 

One  of  the  most  brilliant  entertainments  tendered  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  the  reception  given  in  its 
honor  by  the  Woman's  Club,  at  the  Club  House,  on 
December  17,  1903. 

Up  to  this  time  the  plans  outlined  by  the  members  of 
the  Commission,  such  as  sending  representatives  abroad 
to  interest  the  women  of  foreign  countries  in  the  Expo- 
sition, and  other  "suggestions"  made  by  the  Board, 


MEETING  OF  DECEMBER  15-18,  1903       73 

designated  by  the  President  of  the  Commission  as  legiti- 
mate Exposition  work,  had  been  rejected  by  the  Com- 
pany. The  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
therefore,  were  now  of  the  unanimous  opinion  that  they 
would  be  most  seriously  embarrassed,  and  their  serv- 
ices rendered  ineffective  and  inoperative  unless  an 
appropriation  could  be  secured  from  Congress  to  defray 
the  cost  of  meetings  and  other  necessary  expenses.  If 
they  failed  to  secure  funds  of  their  own  their  power 
and  influence  in  connection  with  the  Exposition  would 
continue  to  be  limited  and  indefinite. 

Pursuant  to  the  recommendations  of  the  National 
Commission,  therefore,  as  expressed  at  their  meeting 
December  16,  1903,  a  new  Legislative  Committee  was 
appointed  on  December  18,  to  take  the  place  of  the  one 
created  under  the  Resolution  of  May  2,  1903,  with  in- 
structions to  the  members  to  proceed  immediately  to 
Washington,  where  they  arrived  on  January  5,  1904. 
The  history  and  successful  result  of  their  work  is  given 
by  the  Chairman  of  that  Committee  in  her  final  report. 


MEETING  OF  MARCH   1,   1904  — REPORTS 
OF  COMMITTEES 

AT  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  held 
at  its  rooms  in  the  Administration  Building,  March  1, 
1904,  before  the  regular  order  of  business  was  taken  up, 
Mrs.  Andrews  asked  for  and  obtained  unanimous  con- 
sent to  speak  to  the  members  of  the  Board,  and  said : — 

In  view  of  what  has  transpired  at  Washington  since 
our  last  meeting,  the  extent  of  which  only  the  members 
of  our  Legislative  Committee  realize,  —  for  almost  to  a 
man  the  lower  house  was  opposed  to  the  appropriation, 
and  it  was  only  by  arduous,  strenuous,  and  noble  work 
of  our  President  and  the  members  of  that  Committee 
that  the  results  were  attained,  —  I  offer  the  following 
resolution :  — 

1.  RESOLVED,  —  That  the  thanks  of  the  Board  are 
due,  and  are  hereby  tendered,  to  the  members  of  the 
Legislative  Committee  for  securing  an  appropriation  to 
defray  our  necessary  expenses  and  thereby  achieving 
the  honorable  emancipation  of  the  Board. 

2.  RESOLVED,  —  That  the  Board  extend  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  itself  for  the  wisdom  manifested  in  the  selec- 
tion of  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning  as  its  President,  who  has 
so  fully  enlisted  the  best  efforts  of  all  the  members  of 
the  Board,  and  who  has  begun  her  work  by  showing 
that  deeds  rather  than  words  are  of  special  value. 

The  resolution  was  adopted  by  unanimous  rising  vote. 
On  the  following  day  President  Francis  addressed 
the  Board  as  follows :  — 


MEETING  OF   MARCH    1,    1904  75 

I  am  very  glad  to  have  this  opportunity  to  talk  to 
you.  I  desire  to  congratulate  you  upon  your  getting  the 
appropriation  from  Congress  for  $100,000.  I  was  very 
willing,  indeed,  as  all  the  members  of  the  Executive 
Committee  were,  to  do  what  we  could  toward  securing 
the  money.  After  your  worthy  President  waited  upon 
the  Executive  Committee  and  was  informed  of  our 
plan  to  ask  a  loan  of  $4,500,000  from  the  Treasury,  she 
in  turn  informed  us  that  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
had  decided  to  ask  for  $100,000  for  their  own  use;  we 
very  readily  came  to  an  agreement  to  the  effect  that  we 
would  join  forces  and  see  what  we  could  accomplish 
with  Congress.  As  you  are  aware,  it  is  a  very  difficult 
matter  to  get  money  out  of  Congress  at  best,  and  when 
the  Government  had  already  spent  about  $1,250,000 
for  its  own  exhibit,  and  when  we  had  promised  that  we 
would  not  apply  to  Congress  or  appeal  for  any  addi- 
tional aid,  the  circumstances  under  which  we  made 
that  deal  or  presented  that  bill  were  especially  trying 
and  I  think  we  all  deserve  to  be  congratulated  upon 
the  outcome. 

When  I  went  to  Washington  I  found  your  Presi- 
dent at  the  Capital  with  Mrs.  Montgomery.  They  had 
all  worked  assiduously,  and  had  made  considerable 
headway  in  the  Senate  —  in  which  body  it  was  our 
plan  to  introduce  the  bill  in  the  shape  of  an  amend- 
ment to  the  urgent  deficiency  bill. 

While  the  matter  was  pending  in  the  Senate,  the 
question  of  this  $100,000  was  brought  up.  We  very 
promptly  assured  the  ladies  that  this  amount  would  be 
added  to  our  bill  asking  for  a  loan  of  $4,500,000.  We 
preferred,  of  course,  that  we  should  not  be  expected  to 


76  REPORT 

repay  it.  However,  the  bill  was  presented  and  passed, 
and  this  $100,000  is  to  be  paid  over  to  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  upon  their  order,  and  for  such  purposes  as 
they  may  elect.  The  bill  does  not  provide  definitely 
out  of  which  of  our  payments  this  $100,000  should 
come.  The  bill  provided  that  we  should  get  the  money 
in  four  installments  of  one  million  each,  and  a  final  in- 
stallment of  $600,000,  not  being  payable  until  May. 
The  bill  does  not  provide  out  of  which  payment  your 
$100,000  shall  be  paid,  but  I  wish  to  say,  on  behalf  of 
the  Exposition  Company,  we  are  willing  and  ready  to 
pay  that  whenever  you  ladies  request  that  it  shall  be 
paid.  We  do  not  know  what  plans,  if  any,  you  have 
made  or  in  what  manner  you  are  planning  for  the  dis- 
bursement of  that  money.  .  .  . 

Now,  with  regard  to  your  money,  I  am  not  going  to 
give  you  any  gratuitous  advice,  but  only  wish  to  assure 
you  that  it  is  the  intention  of  the  Company,  —  that  the 
Company  is  ready  to  give  that  money  to  you  in  any 
form  you  may  desire  it.  It  will  be  given  to  you  in  any 
installments  you  may  designate,  or  it  will  be  set  aside  in 
its  entirety,  to  be  used  for  no  other  purpose  than  to 
honor  requisitions  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

In  other  words,  it  is  possible  for  us  to  do  this,  and 
we  will  do  it  to  your  satisfaction,  and  we  will  draw  up  a 
letter  of  instruction  and  set  aside  as  a  special  credit  in 
the  Treasury  the  sum  of  $100,000  in  accordance  with 
our  bill  of  Congress,  approved  blank  date.  The  auditor 
will  draw  his  warrants  without  the  approval  of  the 
Treasurer  of  this  Company,  but  merely  upon  the  re- 
quisition of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  The  $100,000 
would  be  set  aside  in  the  Treasury  of  the  Company,  and 


MEETING  OF  MARCH   1,    1904  77 

you  would  have  a  written  instrument  and  the  Treasurer 
would  have  orders  to  honor  checks  made  upon  that 
$100,000  in  satisfaction  of  requisitions  approved  by  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

Of  course,  as  I  said  before,  if  you  wish  to  take  that 
money  out  and  put  it  in  some  depository  in  St.  Louis 
or  elsewhere,  it  is  at  your  disposal.  You  could  get  a 
check  for  a  portion  of  the  money  or  all  of  it  if  you  wish. 
Our  only  obligation  in  connection  with  that  $100,000 
now,  is  to  repay  it,  as  we  have  no  intention  or  desire 
to  avoid  that  part  of  it. 

Now,  if  you  should  take  the  money  out  and  put  it 
in  some  depository  in  St.  Louis,  or  elsewhere  to  your 
credit,  you  would  be  put  to  the  expense  of  organizing 
an  auditing  system,  the  same  as  we  have  been. 

I  am  willing,  speaking  on  behalf  of  the  Company, 
to  give  you  the  benefit  of  the  auditing  system  without 
your  incurring  any  additional  expense,  and  if  you  wish, 
in  order  to  make  you  doubly  secure,  I  will  get  a  letter 
from  the  Treasurer  stating  that  he  has,  in  accordance 
with  the  instructions  of  the  President,  set  aside  $100,000 
for  the  use  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  and  that 
the  $100,000  can  only  be  drawn  by  checks  signed  by  your 
Treasurer  and  countersigned  by  your  President. 

I  only  say  this  as  a  suggestion,  because  we  all  have 
become  interested,  but  if  you  choose  to  ask  us  for  $25,000 
of  the  money,  or  for  all  of  it,  we  will  give  it  you. 

Now,  with  regard  to  other  expenses  you  may  incur 
or  have  incurred,  —  I  find,  in  my  report  made  to  me 
to-day,  which  was  made  at  your  request,  we  have  paid 
you  up  to  this  time  for  mileage  and  per  diem  in  attend- 
ing Board  meetings  $16,856.  That  includes  the  $3000 


78  REPORT 

for  which  no  vouchers  have  been  turned  in  as  yet  —  you 
can  keep  that,  with  or  without  vouchers  as  you  please 
—  if  you  want  your  business  in  the  proper  shape,  how- 
ever, it  is  more  business-like  for  you  to  turn  in  the 
vouchers;  however,  that  lies  with  you. 

Now,  previous  to  the  appropriation  of  the  $100,000 
the  Executive  Committee  had  appropriated  $15,000 
for  the  furnishing  of  the  Woman's  Building,  which 
building,  as  you  know,  cost  us  $100,000  —  of  course, 
you  could  have  gotten  a  building  erected  that  would 
have  answered  your  purpose  as  well  and  cost  less  than 
$100,000,  but,  under  the  terms  of  our  contract  with  the 
Washington  University,  that  amount  was  paid  out  of 
the  rental  fund  of  $750,000  which  we  paid  for  these 
buildings  as  they  stand. 

Besides  that  $100,000  we  promised  to  give  you 
$15,000  for  the  furnishing  of  that  building.  When  we 
made  that  promise  we  did  not  know  you  were  going 
to  get  $100,000  from  Congress,  which  we  would  have 
to  pay  back.  .  .  . 

Now  in  view  of  what  I  have  said,  we  feel  that  we 
will  give  you  the  $15,000  for  your  building  if  you  insist 
upon  it.  That  is,  we  have  made  the  appropriation  of 
$35,000  for  the  creche;  the  $15,000  toward  the  equip- 
ment of  the  Woman's  Building,  under  the  circum- 
stances, it  seems  to  me,  we  should  be  relieved  of  that 
$15,000.  I  thought  when  I  returned  from  Washington 
that  the  financial  worry  had  been  met,  but  I  have  real- 
ized within  the  past  forty-eight  hours  that  we  cannot 
open  the  Exposition  within  the  nineteen  and  one-half 
millions  —  we  will  not  go  back  to  Washington,  however. 
We  are  economizing  in  every  possible  way.  .  .  . 


MEETING  OF  MARCH   1,   1904  79 

An  official  communication  was  received  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  stating  that  in  the 
draft  of  the  contract  between  the  Exposition  Company 
and  the  Treasury  Department,  — 

It  is  provided  that  from  the  first  payment  of  $1,000,- 
000  there  shall  be  set  aside  by  the  Exposition  Company 
$100,000  to  be  paid  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
according  to  the  provisions  of  the  Act  and  for  no  other 
purpose  whatsoever. 

On  March  3, 1904,  therefore,  the  following  resolutions 
were  transmitted  to  the  President  of  the  Exposition 
Company :  — 

RESOLVED,  1, — That  the  President  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  be  authorized  to  send  immediately  a 
request  to  the  Exposition  Company  for  the  full  sum 
of  $100,000  recently  made  available  to  said  Board  by 
special  Act  of  Congress. 

RESOLVED,  2,— That  said  sum  of  $100,000  be  de- 
posited to  the  credit  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  subject  to  draft 
of  the  Treasurer  of  said  Board,  countersigned  by  the 
President  of  the  Board. 

On  March  5,  1904,  the  two  following  letters  were 

received :  — 

ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING, 
OFFICE  OF  THE  SECRETARY,  March  5,  1904. 

MADAM  PRESIDENT,  —  I  am  directed  by  President 
Francis  to  inform  you  that  the  Executive  Committee 
has  approved  the  requisition  of  the  Board  of  Lady 


80  REPORT 

Managers  for  $100,000  made  available  to  said  Board 
from  the  Government  loan  by  special  Act  of  Congress, 
as  set  forth  in  the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  Board 
March  3,  1904. 

Acting  in  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  the  President  has  this  day  depos- 
ited, out  of  the  Government  loan,  the  sum  of  $100,000 
with  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Thompson,  said  sum  to 
be  drawn  out  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  in  accord- 
ance with  the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  Board,  that  is 
to  say,  to  be  "subject  to  draft  of  the  Treasurer  of  said 
Board,  countersigned  by  the  President  of  the  Board." 
Very  respectfully, 

WALTER  B.  STEVENS,  Secretary. 

To  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
Administration  Building. 

ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING, 
OFFICE  OF  THE  SECRETARY,  March  5,  1904. 

MADAM  PRESIDENT,  —  I  have  this  day  received  by 
deposit  from  the  Government  Loan,  the  sum  of  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars  made  available  to  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  by  special  Act  of  Congress.  This 
sum  will  be  held  by  me  subject  to  draft  of  the  Treasurer 
of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  countersigned  by  the 
President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 
Very  respectfully, 

W.  H.  THOMPSON,  Treasurer. 

To  MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING, 

President,  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

The  following  is  the  provision  made  in  the  Urgent 
Deficiency  Bill,  which  was  passed  on  February  18,  1904, 


MEETING  OF  MARCH   1,   1904  81 

which  secured  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  a  sum 
sufficient  to  enable  them  to  meet  any  obligations  which 
they  might  assume  in  the  conduct  of  their  participation 
in  the  affairs  of  the  Exposition :  — 

Provided,  That  of  said  sums  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars  shall  be  paid  by  said  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition Company  to,  or  on  the  order  of,  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  of  said  Exposition  for  such  purposes 
as  said  Board  of  Lady  Managers  shall  approve,  and  at 
such  times  as  said  Board  of  Lady  Managers  shall  re- 
quest the  same. 


REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES 

FINAL  REPORT   OF  THE   LEGISLATIVE   COMMITTEE 

To  the  President  and  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

LADIES,  —  Immediately  after  the  election  of  Mrs. 
Daniel  Manning  to  the  presidency  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  on  December  16,  1903,  a  new  Legisla- 
tive Committee  was  appointed  to  succeed  the  one  that 
had  been  created  by  Mrs.  James  L.  Blair,  the  former 
President.  The  Committee  was  composed  of  Mrs. 
Montgomery,  Mrs.  Coleman,  and  Mrs.  Buchwalter, 
Chairman,  and  instructed  to  endeavor  to  procure  from 
Congress  an  appropriation  of  $100,000  for  the  use  of 
the  Board,  in  order  that  it  might  be  enabled  to  perform 
in  a  proper  manner  the  purposes  for  which  it  had  been 
brought  into  existence. 

It  had  become  evident  that  the  Exposition  Company 
would  require  a  much  larger  amount  of  money  than 
was  then  at  its  command,  in  order  to  inaugurate  and 
successfully  continue  the  World's  Fair.  The  men  who 
had  engineered  the  magnificent  undertaking  to  this  point 
in  its  development  reasoned  that,  as  they  had  already 
expended  a  sum  far  beyond  that  ever  given  any  other 
similar  project,  they  might  not  find  a  ready  response 
to  a  request  for  further  gifts.  They  were  so  confident 
of  ultimate  success,  however,  that  they  did  not  hesitate 
to  ask  Congress  for  a  loan  of  four  and  a  half  millions  of 
dollars  in  order  to  conduct  the  affairs  of  the  Exposition. 

The  President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  con- 
ferred with  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Exposition 


LEGISLATIVE   COMMITTEE  83 

Company,  and  the  offer  was  made  to  add  to  the  amount 
of  the  loan  for  which  it  desired  to  negotiate  the  further 
sum  of  $100,000  to  be  set  apart  for  the  exclusive  use 
of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  Receiving  the  promise 
that  this  fund  should  be  included,  the  members  of  the 
Legislative  Committee  went  to  Washington  to  aid  in 
every  way  in  their  power  the  passage  of  the  bill  provid- 
ing for  said  loan. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  Committee  in  Washington, 
on  January  5,  the  members  found  they  had  undertaken 
what  eventually  proved  to  be  a  most  arduous  task 
against  great  odds.  They  found  the  most  deep-seated, 
persistent  opposition  to  granting  another  dollar  to  the 
Fair,  and  were  told  President  Francis  had  been  advised 
to  defer  his  trip  to  Washington  until  the  latter  part 
of  January,  as  it  would  be  hazardous  to  attempt  the 
passage  of  the  bill  until  the  strong  feeling  against  it 
then  existing  had  abated.  Many  members  of  Congress 
strongly  advised  the  Legislative  Committee  to  ask  for 
a  special  appropriation,  but  it  had  been  agreed  that  one 
appropriation  should  cover  the  requirements  of  both 
Boards. 

Mr.  James  S.  Tawney,  of  Minnesota,  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee for  this  and  similar  appropriations,  when  in  St. 
Louis,  had  listened  with  interest  to  the  representation 
of  the  subject  setting  forth  the  needs  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers,  and  kindly  had  promised  his  good 
offices  in  helping  to  advance  their  cause.  He  promptly 
granted  an  interview  when  informed  that  the  Committee 
had  arrived  in  Washington,  and,  while  most  courteous, 
did  not  disguise  the  fact  that  there  were  grave  dangers 


84  REPORT 

ahead  for  the  loan  to  the  Exposition  Company,  which 
had  been  made  a  part  of  the  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill.  He 
examined  the  budget  which  had  been  prepared,  giving 
careful  scrutiny  to  each  item,  and,  after  some  sugges- 
tions, and  minor  changes,  a  budget  was  submitted  to 
him  which  was  afterwards  used. 

On  January  29,  President  Francis  went  before  the 
Senate  Gommittee,  and  on  February  1,  appeared  before 
the  House  Committee  on  behalf  of  a  loan  for  the  Ex- 
position Company. 

During  the  long  interim  preceding  the  arrival  of 
President  Francis  and  those  aiding  him,  those  of  the 
Committee  who  had  remained  in  the  Capital  were  un- 
tiring in  their  efforts  to  make  friends  for  the  bill,  and 
as  their  cause  was  heartily  indorsed  by  their  respective 
senators,  and  many  members  of  their  state  delegations, 
they  became  most  hopeful  of  ultimate  success. 

The  unceasing  energy  of  the  members  of  the  Legis- 
lative Committee  was  admirably  aided  by  the  President 
of  this  Board,  who  had  been  untiring  in  her  efforts  to 
make  friends  for  the  bill,  and  had  used  these  efforts  in 
a  masterly  manner.  Her  large  acquaintance  among  and 
knowledge  of  men  of  affairs  in  Washington,  and  her 
clear  statements  as  to  the  way  in  which  this  Board  had 
been  created,  and  her  convincing  argument  that  the 
work  of  the  Board  must  of  necessity  be  most  inadequate 
and  inefficient  by  reason  of  lack  of  funds,  gained  many 
advocates  for  the  bill,  and  to  her  is  due  the  credit 
for  the  success  of  the  work  which  the  Committee  was 
appointed  to  do.  She  was  always  at  work,  unresting, 
unhasting,  and,  although  weary  and  worn  with  the 
interminable  delay,  neither  she,  nor  any  member  of  the 


LEGISLATIVE  COMMITTEE  85 

Committee  left  any  honorable  means  untried  in  order  to 
secure  what  was  so  vitally  necessary  to  the  very  existence 
of  this  Board  during  the  Exposition. 

As  a  result  of  the  combined  efforts,  some  who  had 
affected  indifference  became  interested,  and  some  who 
had  previously  stoutly  declared  unalterable  opposition, 
finally  yielded,  not  only  working  and  voting  themselves 
in  favor  of  the  bill,  but  persuading  others  to  do  so.  It 
was  naturally  a  source  of  great  satisfaction  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislative  Committee  that  the  strongest 
and  most  influential  men  of  both  Houses  gave  recogni- 
tion to  the  urgent  claims  which  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers had  upon  Congress.  It  was  these  men  who  insisted 
upon  the  incorporation  of  the  specific  clause  providing 
for  their  $100,000  as  an  amendment  in  the  loan  bill;  this 
was  eventually  done,  and  the  amendment  remained  there 
until  the  passage  of  the  bill,  thus  becoming  a  part  of  the 
law  governing  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

A  brief  description  of  the  manner  in  which  the  loan 
bill  was  brought  before  Congress  may  be  of  interest:  — 

There  is,  in  every  session,  what  is  called  an  Urgent 
Deficiency  Bill,  the  object  of  which  is  to  take  care  of 
the  different  interests  which  are  likely  to  fail  through 
inadequate  appropriation.  The  opposition  to  including 
the  item  of  the  loan  for  the  Exposition  Company  was 
found  to  be  so  powerful  that  it  could  not  be  inserted  in 
the  bill  when  it  was  sent  to  the  House.  This  Urgent 
Deficiency  Bill  passed  the  House  and  went  to  the  Senate. 
There  the  loan  amendment  was  inserted,  and  finally 
our  amendment  was  added  also.  It  passed  the  Senate, 
and  was  then  returned  to  the  House,  in  order  that  that 
body  might  pass  upon  the  amendments  which  the  Sen- 


86  REPORT 

ate  had  added.  In  the  meetings  before  the  two  Appro- 
priation Committees,  as  well  as  in  the  discussion  in  the 
two  Houses,  the  arguments  for  and  against  were  very 
forcibly  expressed.  One  reason  advanced  as  to  why 
the  loan  should  be  made  was  because  other  governments 
had  been  invited  to  participate,  and  the  Company 
should  be  enabled  to  open  its  gates  in  a  manner  befitting 
a  national  host.  Among  the  main  objections  set  forth  at 
length  were:  1st,  the  alleged  unconstitutionality  of  the 
whole  proceeding;  2d,  the  inadequacy  of  the  security. 
All  those  speaking  against  the  measure  affected  a  total 
disbelief  that  the  receipts  would  be  sufficient  to  enable 
the  Company  to  return  the  money  advanced,  and,  of 
course,  a  spasm  of  economy  nearly  rent  these  states- 
men in  twain. 

The  Exposition  management  was  not  spared.  More 
than  one  speaker  waxed  eloquent  over  what  he  declared 
was  wanton  waste  of  the  greatest  amount  of  money  ever 
intrusted  to  an  Exposition  management,  which  wanton 
waste  had  made  the  Exposition  Company  bankrupt 
and  again  at  the  doors  of  the  Treasury  begging  for 
funds.  Those  working  against  the  bill  triumphantly 
quoted  the  following  clause,  which  is  Section  24  of  the 
original  bill,  and  which  authorized  the  creation  of  the 
Exposition.  It  reads :  — 

That  nothing  in  this  Act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
create  any  liability  of  the  United  States,  direct  or  indirect, 
for  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred,  nor  for  any  claim 
for  aid  or  pecuniary  assistance  from  Congress  or  the 
United  States  in  support  or  liquidation  of  the  debts  or 
obligations  created  by  said  Commission. 


COMMITTEE   ON   WOMAN'S   WORK      87 

After  postponement  and  delays,  the  bill  of  the  llth  of 
February  passed  the  House  172  to  115,  —  57  majority; 
on  the  15th  it  went  back  to  the  Senate  and  was  promptly 
passed. 

The  whole  amount  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  placed  in  their  custody 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  its  expenditure  has 
been  most  carefully  guarded.  With  this  money  at  its 
command,  it  has  always  stood  ready  to  assist  the  Expo- 
sition Company  in  every  way  possible,  and  the  report  of 
the  Treasurer  will  show  that  the  disbursements  have 
been  made  in  a  manner  befitting  the  greatest  of  all 
World's  Fairs. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

C.  B.  BUCHWALTER. 

MARY  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY. 

SALLIE  D.  COLEMAN. 


THE  COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK 

All  of  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
were  inspired  at  an  early  period  of  their  official  existence 
with  a  desire  to  accomplish  something  that  would  be  of 
lasting  benefit  to  the  interests  of  women,  and  one  of  the 
first  committees  to  be  appointed  by  the  President  was 
on  Woman's  Work,  which  seemed  to  offer  great  scope  for 
the  development  of  earnest  efforts  and  good  judgment; 
they  realized  that  upon  their  activity  would  greatly 
depend  the  extent  to  which  women  in  this  country  and 
of  the  world  at  large  would  participate,  directly  or 
indirectly,  in  making  this  Exposition  the  most  beneficent 
for  women  that  had  been,  or  could  be,  attained. 


88  REPORT 

Specific  action  was  restricted,  however,  by  the  Exposi- 
tion Company,  and  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work 
was  not  enabled  to  give  an  international  character  to 
its  work.  The  life  of  its  organization  was  in  no  way 
affected,  but  the  Board  was  dependent  upon  the  Expo- 
sition Company  for  funds  to  expend  upon  any  work  it 
wished  to  undertake.  Although  the  members  had  been 
led  to  believe  that  whatever  action  they  might  take  in 
regard  to  sending  a  representative  of  the  Board  abroad 
was  legitimate  Exposition  work,  and  would  be  ratified 
by  the  National  Commission  and  Local  Company,  their 
request  was  denied  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Company,  and  they  were  not  permitted  to  extend  their 
work  on  the  broad  lines  for  which  they  had  hoped. 

An  effort  was  made  by  two  members  of  the  Committee 
on  Woman's  Work,  in  conference  with  the  heads  of  the 
Departments  in  Washington,  to  secure  information  as 
to  the  details  of  the  work  performed  by  women  in  the 
various  Government  Departments,  and  their  salaries. 
This  matter  was  brought  before  the  Board  at  its  session 
held  February  18,  1903,  and  it  was  believed  by  the 
members  that  if  such  a  statement  could  be  obtained,  it 
would  be  helpful  in  the  development  and  organization 
of  woman's  work  in  connection  with  the  Board.  As  all 
arrangements  had  previously  been  planned  in  Washing- 
ton to  have  the  work  done  if  desired  by  the  Board,  the 
Secretary  was  instructed  to  write  to  Hon.  John  R.  Proc- 
tor, President  United  States  Civil  Service  Commission, 
and  ask  for  statistics.  In  order  to  procure  the  data  from 
all  the  Departments,  it  was  necessary  to  have  an  execu- 
tive order  from  The  President.  Mr.  Proctor  made  this 
request,  and  President  Roosevelt  graciously  issued  the 
following :  — 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK      89 

EXECUTIVE   ORDER 

To  the  Heads  of  Departments,  —  The  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
desires  a  statement  prepared,  showing  the  work  per- 
formed by  women  in  the  Departments,  together  with 
their  official  designations,  salaries,  etc.  It  is  requested 
that  so  far  as  it  will  not  inconvenience  public  work,  such 
information  may  be  supplied. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  March  21, 1903. 

The  occupations  in  which  women  are  now  engaged  in 
the  Departments,  where  their  duties  range  from  those 
involving  mere  manual  labor  to  skilled  professional 
service,  represent  many  of  the  lines  in  which  women 
are  now  so  active  everywhere.  The  salaries  vary  from 
$240  to  $1800  per  annum. 

It  is  believed  that  the  citation  of  a  few  examples  of 
the  high  positions  of  importance  and  responsibility  now 
held  by  women,  compiled  for  the  information  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers,  may  be  a  source  of  encourage- 
ment, by  showing  what  natural  ability,  combined  with 
determination  and  industry,  may  accomplish.  The 
following  memoranda  have  been  taken  at  random  from 
but  four  of  the  Departments :  — 

DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE 

Miss went  into  the  service  in  1893,  and  was  de- 
tailed to  assist  the  Secretary  of  State,  who  was  engaged 
in  negotiating  reciprocity  treaties.  She  served  in  the 


90  REPORT 

capacity  of  confidential  clerk  to  four  Secretaries  and  one 
Assistant  Secretary  of  State.  Served  as  stenographer  and 
typewriter  in  the  Consular  Bureau  of  the  Department 
of  State,  and  was  later  confidential  stenographer  to  the 
Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  and  assisted  in  the 
preparation  of  the  correspondence  with  the  Alaska 
Boundary  Question. 

Another  was  appointed  as  a  temporary  clerk  for 
the  purpose  of  introducing  the  book-typewriter  for  re- 
cording the  correspondence  of  the  Department  which 
formerly  had  been  done  by  hand;  after  installing  the 
book-typewriter  and  bringing  the  Diplomatic  Notes 
and  Instructions  up  to  date,  she  was  detailed  as  steno- 
grapher and  typewriter  to  the  Chief  Clerk  of  the  De- 
partment; her  duties  in  the  office  of  the  Chief  Clerk 
required  her  to  be  familiar  with  the  work  of  the 
Bureaus  of  the  Department,  and  the  many  intricate 
questions  constantly  presented  to  the  Chief  Clerk's 
Office;  she  was  required  to  have  expert  knowledge  of 
the  cipher  used  in  the  Department  and  a  considerable 
part  of  her  time  was  employed  in  enciphering  and 
deciphering  telegrams  sent  from  and  received  by  the 
Department. 

One  young  wroman  was  detailed  for  three  months  to 
serve  as  stenographer  and  typewriter  to  the  American 
Commission  at  The  Hague  in  the  Arbitration  between 
the  United  States  and  Mexico,  where  she  assisted  in 
taking  stenographic  report  of  the  sessions  before  the 
arbitral  court. 

Miss ,  appointed  under  the  Civil  Service  Rules, 

was  in  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  Commerce,  where  her 
duties  required  her  to  prepare  the  Consular  Reports 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK     91 

for  publication,  translate  extracts  from  foreign  com- 
mercial newspapers,  etc. 

A  clerk  was  appointed  in  the  Recorder  of  Deeds' 
Office,  but  resigned  to  accept  an  appointment  in  the 
Department  of  State.  Her  work  at  first  was  in  the  Dip- 
lomatic Bureau  where  she  was  engaged  in  preparing 
papers  for  signature,  translating  French,  Italian,  and 
Spanish;  engrossing  treaties,  proclamations,  drafting 
maps,  pen  and  ink  sketches,  etc.  Later  she  was  detailed 
to  the  Bureau  of  Indexes  and  Archives,  where  she  was 
employed  in  recording  the  Diplomatic  Notes  and  In- 
structions of  the  Department  on  the  book-typewriter. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE   INTERIOR 

Mrs.  held  a  law  desk  in   the  General  Land 

Office  and  decided  many  of  the  difficult  problems  con- 
nected with  the  deeds  and  patents  of  land  on  the  frontier. 
Was  first  appointed  in  the  Government  Printing  Office 
at  $48  per  month,  and  later  appointed  in  the  Pension 
Office  at  an  increased  salary,  where  her  duties  were 
copying  pension  certificates  and  notifying  pensioners 
of  the  allowance  of  their  pensions.  Upon  her  second 
promotion,  the  work  and  pay  being  unsatisfactory  to 
her,  she  was,  at  her  own  request,  transferred  to  the 
Railroad  Division  of  the  General  Land  Office.  Her 
duties  were  to  copy  railroad  decisions,  and  the  work 
being  merely  routine  clerical  work  she  took  up  type- 
writing, hoping  to  advance  herself  thereby.  This 
caused  her  to  be  transferred  to  the  Contest  Division, 
and  later  she  was  assigned  to  a  desk  requiring  original 
work,  and  her  duties  were  to  promulgate  decisions  of  the 


92  REPORT 

Department.  From  this  time  on  the  grade  of  her  work 
was  raised  until  she  was  promoted  to  $1400,  by  which 
time  she  had  become  familiar  with  the  entire  work  of 
the  Division.  She  soon  found  that  a  knowledge  of  the 
law  of  Congress  disposing  of  the  public  domain  and 
familiarity  with  the  rules  of  practice  and  decisions  of  the 
General  Land  Office  and  of  the  Department  alone 
were  not  sufficient  to  enable  her  to  perform  her  work 
in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  herself,  however  satisfactory 
to  the  Department,  and  she,  therefore,  took  up  a  regular 
four  years'  law  course  and  graduated  with  credit  to  her- 
self and  her  college. 

How  satisfactorily  she  does  her  work  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  out  of  sixty  appeals  from  her  decisions  rendered 
during  a  period  of  six  months,  —  decisions  involving 
thousands  of  dollars,  —  only  one  was  reversed  and 
one  modified,  and  this  because  of  new  matter  being 
filed  after  the  decisions  were  rendered  by  her. 

Mrs.  also  enjoys  the  distinction  of  holding  a 

law  desk  in  the  General  Land  Office,  having  been  trans- 
ferred to  it  from  the  Census  Office,  where  she  had  been 
dealing  with  mathematical  problems.  It  was  found 
that  a  $1600  clerk  was  back  in  his  work  with  300  cases 
which  it  was  necessary  to  have  adjudicated.  The  bring- 
ing of  this  work  up  to  date  was  assigned  to  her.  Prior 
to  this  she  had  written  a  few  decisions.  She  was  at  first 
appalled  at  the  decree,  but  went  bravely  to  work  with  a 
determination  to  succeed.  How  well  she  succeeded  can 
be  ascertained  by  the  records  of  the  Office.  Later  she 
was  transferred  at  her  own  request  from  the  Public 
Land  Division  to  the  Contest,  or  Law  Division.  Her 
experience  gained  in  the  Land  Office  taught  her  how 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK     93 

to  adjudicate  contest  cases,  and  she  was  often  required 
to  bring  up  work  of  the  principal  law  examiners  when  in 
arrears. 

Miss was  assigned  to  duty  on  Board  of  Pen- 
sion Appeals  to  typewrite  decisions  for  signature  of 
the  Assistant  Secretary,  and  act  as  his  stenographer. 
Afterwards  transferred  to  Patents  and  Miscellaneous 
Division  of  the  Secretary's  Office:  Duties  —  steno- 
graphy and  typewriting;  indexing;  in  charge  of  issuing 
authorities  for  open  market  purchases  to  the  Geological 
Survey  and  to  Howard  University,  and  issuance  of 
permits  for  admission  to  the  Government  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  and  to  Freedmen's  Hospital  and  Asylum; 
assistant  in  abstracting  various  reports  to  be  embodied 
in  the  Secretary's  annual  report  to  the  President.  A 
knowledge  of  law  was  of  considerable  assistance  in  the 
work  of  the  Division,  and  after  entering  the  Govern- 
ment service  she  took  a  three  years'  course  in  the  Wash- 
ington College  of  Law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS 

The  Library  of  Congress  employs  135  women  in 
a  force  of  302  persons.  The  salaries  range  from  $1500 
to  $360  a  year,  and  they  are  employed  in  almost  all  the 
Divisions.  None  of  them,  however,  rate  as  laborers. 

At  $1500  there  is  one  woman  at  work  in  the  Cata- 
logue Division  as  an  expert  reviser  of  printed  catalogue 
cards  and  proof-reader.  At  $1400  three  women  serve 
as  assistant  readers  of  catalogue  cards  and  proof-readers 
in  the  Catalogue  Division,  and  another  is  the  chief  re- 
viser in  the  Record  Division  of  the  Copyright  Office. 


94  REPORT 

At  $1200  there  are  eleven  women  employees.  Of 
these,  five  are  in  the  Copyright  Office  as  translators, 
indexers,  and  cataloguers;  five  are  in  the  Catalogue 
Division  as  cataloguers  of  the  first  class;  and  one  is  in 
charge  of  the  Reading  Room  for  the  Blind. 

POST   OFFICE   DEPARTMENT 

One  clerk  of  class  3,  salary  $1600,  prepares  corre- 
spondence for  the  signature  of  the  Postmaster  General 
and  the  Chief  Clerk;  reads  and  refers  the  Congressional 
and  Departmental  mail  addressed  to  the  Postmaster 
General;  assists  in  the  compilation  of  the  estimates  of 
appropriations  for  the  Department  and  postal  service; 
also  assists  in  the  compilation  of  the  Postal  Guides;  in 
charge  of  the  distribution  of  the  Postal  Laws  and  Regu- 
lations and  of  the  Postal  Guide  throughout  the  postal 
service;  stenographer  and  typewriter. 

One  clerk  of  class  2,  salary  $1400,  to  whom  is  as- 
signed the  duty  of  preparing  the  three  lists  of  post  offices 
published  each  year  in  the  Official  Postal  Guide,  and 
lists  of  changes  in  post  offices  published  each  month  in 
the  supplemental  postal  guide. 

One  clerk,  assigned  to  the  claims  division.  Duties: 
Preparation  of  correspondence  connected  with  claims 
of  postmasters  for  reimbursement  for  losses  occasioned 
by  burglary,  fire,  or  other  unavoidable  casualty,  and  for 
losses  of  money  order  and  postal  funds  in  transit  to 
depositories. 

OFFICE   OF  THE   TOPOGRAPHER 

One  woman  skilled  as  draughtsman,  at  $1400,  pre- 
pares the  guides  for  the  colors  printed  on  the  post  route 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK      95 

maps,  and  has  supervision  of  the  map  sheets  transmitted 
from  and  to  the  photolithographer. 

Three  other  women  draughtsmen  note  the  reported 
changes  in  the  postal  service  of  a  group  of  States,  revise 
the  post  route  map  sheets  of  those  States,  and  correct 
monthly  the  corresponding  diagram  maps  for  the  use 
of  officers  and  clerks  of  the  Post  Office  Department. 

OFFICE   SECOND   ASSISTANT  POSTMASTER   GENERAL 

One  clerk,  salary  $1600,  on  work  relating  to  ocean 
mail  contract  service;  occasional  translating,  indexing, 
and  briefing. 

One  clerk,  salary  $1400,  on  work  relating  to  domestic 
statistics  in  connection  with  the  international  service; 
stating  accounts  of  steamship  companies  for  the  sea 
conveyance  of  mails;  occasional  translating,  and  as- 
sisting in  general  correspondence. 

One  clerk,  salary  $1400,'  "corresponding  clerk," 
whose  duties  consist  in  the  examination  of  applications 
for  establishment  of  star  and  steamboat  service;  changes 
therein;  preparation  of  cases  to  be  submitted  for  de- 
cision; preparation  of  orders  and  correspondence  for 
official  signature. 

In  most  of  the  examinations  which  women  pass  in 
order  to  be  appointed  in  the  Departments,  technical 
skill  is  required,  as  shown  by  the  following  list  of 
subjects:  — 

Artist  Scientific  assistant 

Assistant  microscopist  Book  type-writer 

Clerk-stenographer  and  Typewriter  Kindergarten  teacher 

Computer  in  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Scientific  aid 

Counter,  Government  paper  mill  Zoological  clerk  ^ 


96  REPORT 

Industrial  teacher  Internal  Revenue  service 

Trained  nurse  Philippine  service 

Register  and  Receiver's  Clerk  Topographic  draughtsman 

Compositor  Assistant  to  book-binder 

Public  Document  Cataloguer  Music  teacher 
Assistant  Ethnological  librarian 

The  following  is  a  compilation  and  table  of  com- 
parison showing  the  number  of  men  and  women  em- 
ployed in  the  various  departments  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
The  figures  are  based  upon  the  official  Register  of  the 
United  States,  July  1,  1901,  Volume  1.  Since  that 
date  there  have  been  hundreds  of  new  appointees  of 
both  sexes  in  all  the  respective  departments  and  bureaus 
below  enumerated,  and  the  accurate  figures  down  to 
the  present  time  will  show  an  increase  accordingly :  — 

Men  Women 

Executive  office  (the  President's)  28  0 

Department  of  State  92  17 

Treasury  Department  3,234  2,313 

War  Department  2,411  300 

Navy  Department  2,292  85 

Post  Office  Department  812  237 

Department  of  Interior  4,810  2,862 

Department  of  Justice  191  21 

Department  of  Agriculture  650  382 

Government  Printing  Office  2,623  1,068 

Department  of  Labor  74  10 

U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  55  12 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission  133  0 

Civil  Service  Commission  55  6 

Industrial  Commission  10  7 

Smithsonian  Institution  320  89 

Bureau  of  American  Republics  13  9 

The  first  woman  employed  in  the  Government  serv- 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK      97 

ice  was  appointed  by  General  Spinner,  of  the  Treasury 
Department,  about  1864. 

On  July  1,  1901,  the  clerical  force  in  the  executive 
departments  in  Washington  was  approximately  a  force 
of  27,605  employees  of  both  sexes.  Out  of  this  number 
there  were  7496  women.  The  time,  at  this  ratio  of 
increase  of  the  respective  sexes,  when  the  gentler  sex 
is  to  overcome  and  pass  the  men  is  merely  a  matter  of 
arithmetic  to  those  who  wish  to  ascertain  these  interest- 
ing data.  The  above  table  shows  that  the  women  have 
between  one  fourth  and  one  third  of  the  appointments 
in  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mrs.  Mary  Phelps  Montgomery,  the  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work,  read  her  first  report 
of  the  work  of  that  Committee  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Board  held  Tuesday,  April  28,  1903,  and  a  copy  was 
transmitted  to  the  National  Commission.  At  the  ses- 
sion held  on  December  17,  18,  19,  1903,  the  following 
letter  was  received  and  read  by  the  Secretary :  — 

9r.  Louis,  U.  S.  A.,  Dec.  16,  1903. 

Mrs.  Frederick  Hanger, 

Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
Administration  Building,  City. 

DEAR  MRS.  HANGER,  —  Replying  to  your  esteemed 
favor  of  the  14th  inst.,  transmitting  a  copy  of  report  of 
Committee  on  Woman's  Work,  which  was  adopted  by 
your  Board  at  a  meeting  held  in  April,  1903,  you  are 
advised  that  on  motion  the  same  was  approved  to  the 
extent  that  the  report  prescribes  the  scope  of  your  pro- 
posed field  of  activity. 

The  Commission  at  its  session  on  the  15th  inst. 
adopted  the  following  resolution :  — 


98  REPORT 

Moved  and  seconded  that  in  so  far  as  the  report 
of  Committee  on  Woman's  Work  prescribes  the  line  of 
work  for  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  the  same  stands 
approved  by  the  Commission. 

Motion  prevailed. 

Agreeable  to  your  request  the  report  has  been  for- 
warded to  the  Exposition  Company  for  its  action,  with 
a  copy  of  the  resolution  passed  by  the  Commission. 

Very  respectfully, 
(Signed)          THOMAS  H.  CARTER,  President. 

Extracts  from  this  report  are  embodied  in  the  final 
Report  of  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work,  which  is 
as  follows :  — 

September  30,  1902,  the  women  appointed  by  the 
National  Commission  as  Lady  Managers  for  the  Louis- 
iana Purchase  Exposition  were  called  by  the  National 
Commission  to  meet  in  St.  Louis  and  effect  an  organi- 
zation of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  At  this  meet- 
ing the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  organized  and 
Mrs.  James  L.  Blair  elected  President. 

The  first  permanent  committee  appointed  by  the 
new  President  was  a  Committee  on  Woman's  Work. 
The  ladies  appointed  on  this  committee  were:  Miss 
Anna  L.  Dawes,  Miss  Helen  Gould,  Mrs.  Marcus 
Daly,  Mrs.  M.  H.  de  Young,  and  Mrs.  Mary  Phelps 
Montgomery,  Chairman.  Two  members  of  this  com- 
mittee were  not  present  at  the  meeting.  The  President 
of  the  Board  impressed  upon  the  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee that  a  large  share  of  the  Board's  work  must  of 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK     99 

necessity  be  performed  by  the  Committee  on  Woman's 
Work.  The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  asked  the 
President  of  the  National  Commission  for  special  in- 
structions in  regard  to  the  plan  and  scope  of  the  work 
of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  The  President  of  the 
National  Commission  replied  that  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  must  outline  their  own  policy  and  perform 
their  own  work  to  their  best  judgment.  There  was  no 
work  performed  by  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work 
at  this  meeting. 

The  second  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
was  held  in  New  York  City,  November  17/1902.  The 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work  asked 
to  have  added  to  this  Committee  Mrs.  John  M.  Hoi- 
combe,  Mrs.  Edward  L.  Buchwalter,  Mrs.  Daniel 
Manning,  and  Mrs.  Richard  Knott.  The  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  called  a  meeting  at  that  time,  to  which 
call  only  Miss  Anna  L.  Dawes  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Man- 
ning responded.  At  this  second  meeting  of  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  in  New  York,  the  President  of  the 
Board  instructed  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work  to 
proceed  to  St.  Louis  not  later  than  March,  and  there 
receive  instructions  from  the  National  Commission  in 
regard  to  the  line  of  work  they  should  take  up  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition.  It  became  apparent 
at  this  meeting  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  specialize 
the  work  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  thus  relieving 
the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work  of  much  respons- 
ibility and  labor. 

The  Chairman,  with  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  as  mem- 
bers of  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work,  spent  Janu- 
ary, 1903,  in  the  City  of  Washington,  and  during  their 


100  REPORT 

stay  endeavored  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the  work 
performed  by  women  in  each  and  every  vocation  in  life. 

In  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  the  President, 
Mrs.  Blair,  at  the  meeting  held  on  November  17,  the 
Committee  on  Woman's  Work  met  at  the  Southern 
Hotel,  in  St.  Louis,  March  10,  at  11  o'clock,  Mrs. 
Montgomery,  Chairman.  There  were  present  beside  the 
Chairman,  Mrs.  Manning,  Mrs.  Holcombe,  and  Mrs. 
Buchwalter,  three  members  being  unavoidably  pre- 
vented from  coming,  viz.:  Miss  Gould,  Miss  Dawes, 
and  Mrs.  Knott. 

The  interest  that  this  Committee  felt  in  developing 
on  broad  lines  their  part  in  the  Exposition  is  shown  in 
the  following  extracts  taken  from  my  report,  which  was 
not  read,  however,  until  the  meeting  of  the  Board  held 
April  28,  1903:- 

According  to  appointment,  the  Committee  on  Wo- 
man's Work  met  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Ex- 
position Company  at  the  Laclede  Building,  March  11, 
1903.  Mr.  Corwin  H.  Spencer,  Acting,  and  first  Vice- 
President,  and  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
presided,  and  stated:  "These  ladies  are  here,  gentle- 
men, upon  my  invitation,  and  have  some  matters  they 
wish  to  discuss  with  you." 

Mrs.  Montgomery,  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Woman's  Work,  then  said :  — 

Ever  since  we  became  members  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  we  have  been  somewhat  in  the  dark 
as  to  what  we  could  and  might  do,  to  contribute  to  the 
success  of  this  great  Exposition,  and  we  thought  per- 
haps if  we  came  and  talked  to  you  gentlemen,  upon  the 
ground,  that  you  could  "throw  us  a  little  light."  We,  of 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    101 

course,  want  to  work  in  harmony  with  everything  that 
has  already  been  outlined,  and  we  feel  that  we  are  a 
very  weak  body;  but  we  want  to  add  our  efforts  to 
those  of  the  officers  of  this  Exposition,  and  we  came 
to  ask  you  to  please  tell  us  how  we  can  help  you,  and  to 
instruct  us  upon  the  line  which  we  are  to  take  up.  We 
feel  that  the  women  of  this  country  have  become  a 
very  great  factor,  but  we  also  feel  that  the  time  has 
passed  when  we  are  to  have  a  separate  exhibit  of  what 
women  can  do,  and  we  thought  perhaps  in  some  way 
we  might  be  able  to  work  in  unison  with  the  Executive 
Committee,  and  the  various  other  committees  of  the 
Exposition. 

Several  subjects  were  brought  up  by  members  of  the 
Committee  on  Woman's  Work,  such  as  the  organiza- 
tions of  the  country,  the  congresses  at  this  Exposition, 
the  dates  of  meetings,  and  provision  for  the  care  of  the 
women  in  attendance.  It  was  suggested  by  a  member 
of  the  Committee  that  in  the  largest  audience  that  the 
Exposition  would  have  the  majority  would  be  women. 
The  Company  had  already  taken  steps  to  provide  a 
place  of  meeting,  so  arranged  that  meetings  could  be 
held  without  admission  fee. 

At  this  meeting  a  motion  was  made  and  carried  by 
the  Executive  Committee :  — 

That  the  Director  of  Exhibits,  Mr.  Skiff,  be  in- 
structed to  formulate  a  programme,  suggesting  the  way 
in  which  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  can  assist  in 
inducing  Congresses  to  come  to  the  Exposition. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work 
then  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  almost  the  first 
thing  done  after  the  organization  of  that  committee 


102  REPORT 

was  to  ask  that  immoral  dances  be  excluded  from  the 
Exposition,  to  which  no  reply  had  been  received.  Dur- 
ing the  discussion  which  followed,  Mr.  Stevens  read 
copy  from  his  records,  showing  that  a  letter  had  been 
sent  by  him  to  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  reading  as  follows :  — 

MADAM  PRESIDENT,  —  I  am  directed  by  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  to  reply  to  your  letter  conveying  the 
resolution  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
on  the  subject  of  concessions.  The  resolution  was  duly 
referred  by  the  Executive  Committee  to  the  Director 
of  Concessions  and  the  Committee  on  Concessions,  with 
request  for  careful  consideration.  The  report  of  the 
Director  and  the  Committee  on  Concessions  has  been 
received.  The  Director  and  the  Committee  express 
the  belief  that  under  the  conditions  imposed  in  all  the 
contracts  the  concessions  will  be  so  regulated  as  to 
render  it  impossible  to  present  any  amusement  that 
can  be  classed  as  indecent  or  improper. 

Very  respectfully, 
(Signed)  WALTER  B.  STEVENS,  Secretary. 

The  Committee  on  Woman's  Work  then  stated  to  the 
Executive  Committee  that  this  letter  had  never  been 
read  before  the  Board  at  their  meeting. 

The  matter  was  then  considered  of  sending  several 
members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  abroad  to 
exploit  Woman's  Work  and  to  excite  an  interest  in  Wo- 
men's Congresses  throughout  the  world.  The  Chair- 
man stated  that  she  had  a  letter  from  Mr.  Francis  say- 
ing he  would  send  one  with  certain  conditions,  and  the 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    103 

Committee  wanted  to  know  if  that  decision  was  final, 
and  what  the  action  of  the  Executive  Committee  would 
be  on  that  point.  It  was  suggested  that  three  women 
from  the  Board  should  be  sent  abroad,  one  from  the  East, 
one  from  the  West,  and  one  from  the  Middle  States,  and 
the  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  said  that,  if 
agreeable  to  the  ladies,  that  Committee  would  have  the 
matter  taken  up  as  soon  as  President  Francis  returned. 
The  Executive  Committee  was  assured  that  if  it  would 
outline  a  program  by  which  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
could  render  assistance  to  this  great  Exposition,  they 
would  be  very  glad;  they  wanted  to  help  do  what  the 
heads  of  the  Exposition  had  laid  out  to  be  done,  and  if 
there  was  anything  that  women  could  do,  let  them  do  it. 
The  meeting  then  adjourned,  and  the  Committee  on 
WToman's  Work  met  with  Mr.  Skiff,  the  Director  of 
Exhibits.  In  response  to  an  inquiry  in  regard  to  the 
question  whether  his  committee  had  taken  the  initiative 
in  regard  to  Educational  and  International  Congresses, 
Mr.  Skiff  replied:  — 

The  Exposition  simply  patronizes  and  assists,  with- 
out the  expenditure  of  money,  these  stated  Congresses 
and  Conventions.  Those  bodies  already  organized  are, 
in  a  hospitable  way,  invited  here,  and  their  Executive 
Management  is  aided,  more  or  less,  in  a  Hall  in  which 
they  can  meet  a  Committee  to  receive  them,  but  they 
conduct  their  own  conventions. 

Now  the  International  Congresses  are  an  entirely 
different  thing.  They  are  patronized  by  the  Exposition. 
An  appropriation  of  $150,000  has  been  made  for  that 
purpose.  Dr.  Simon  Newcomb  is  president  of  the  Con- 


104  REPORT 

gress.  There  is  no  race  or  sex  in  a  universal  exposition. 
It  is  the  productive  use  of  man,  as  a  unit.  We  have  had 
great  difficulty  in  convincing  the  scientific  people  that 
so  great  a  thing  should  come  from  so  western  a  point. 
We  are  going  to  do  a  very  fine  thing  in  a  very  large  way. 
The  Delegates  will  be  selected  and  all  expenses  paid 
from  their  homes  and  return,  and  whatever  product 
of  their  thought  they  present  here  at  these  congresses 
will  be  bound  and  fixed  in  type.  I  cannot  say  we  are 
working  on  any  plan  —  it  is  developed.  The  Congress 
is  my  idea.  I  am  the  Director  of  Exhibits,  and  it  did 
not  seem  proper  for  the  Director  of  Exhibits  officially 
to  approve  the  proceedings  and  the  signatures  of  an 
office  of  an  International  Congress.  So  I  suggested  that 
Director  Rogers  report  to  President  Francis,  so  that  I 
use  President  Francis's  name.  In  the  mean  time,  I  have 
been  appointed  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Board,  on 
account  of  my  position  as  a  Director  of  the  Institute  in 
Chicago.  There  is  no  opportunity  for  organizations  to 
participate  in  that  International  Congress.  There  you 
come  in,  as  individuals;  but  man  or  woman,  if  they  are 
great,  will  be  invited.  It  is  all  one  Congress;  it  will 
only  last  one  week.  We  have  not  selected  the  exact 
date.  It  occupies  a  week;  it  is  divided  into  sections. 
Some  days,  in  the  Congressional  Hall,  there  may  be  25 
or  30  sections,  all  working  at  the  same  time  on  different 
subjects.  It  is  a  magnificent  programme.  Meetings  of 
these  stated  organizations  are  entirely  different.  The  only 
point  about  meetings  of  these  clubs  and  organizations 
is,  that  whether  they  are  officered  by  men  or  women, 
or  both,  that  some  one,  in  behalf  of  the  Exposition, 
must  make  their  way  as  easy  as  possible  for  them  and 
see  that  days  do  not  collide. 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    105 

A  member  of  the  Committee  made  the  request  that 
some  provision  should  be  made  for  the  care  of  trained 
nurses  at  the  Exposition,  and  Mr.  Skiff  stated  that  the 
War  Department  was  contemplating  a  Field  Hospital. 
"  They  want  two  things.  I  do  not  know  what  the  out- 
come will  be.  If  you  ladies  could  proceed  sufficiently  to 
get  these  ladies  interested  in  the  trained  nurse  idea,  — 
to  offer  the  services  of  a  certain  number  of  '  change  ' 
nurses  (you  understand,  double  the  number  so  that  they 
can  change),  I  have  no  doubt  that  Dr.  Laidley  will  be 
glad  to  avail  of  their  services." 

In  answer  to  the  questions  as  to  the  time  the  jurors 
would  be  appointed,  and  whether  he  had  a  list  of  the 
things  on  which  women  are  to  be  appointed,  and  how 
long  before  they  would  be  known,  Mr.  Skiff  replied :  — 

The  jurors  will  be  appointed  the  first  week  of  the 
Exposition,  and  the  list  of  things  on  which  women  are 
to  be  appointed  will  depend  on  whether  the  work  is 
done  in  whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor.  We  will  know 
as  soon  as  we  get  a  catalogue.  We  cannot  tell  what  the 
exhibits  will  be  until  they  are  exhibits.  The  pamphlet 
of  classification  will  be  of  invaluable  assistance  to  you, 
ladies,  in  your  work.  The  jurors  are  to  be  paid  $7  a 
day  and  traveling  expenses. 

In  response  to  the  inquiry  whether  the  Board  should 
not  begin  to  look  out  for  the  women  that  would  be 
capable  for  that  sort  of  work,  Mr.  Skiff  said :  — 
k 

They  will  develop.  There  are  108  classes;  a  Com- 
mittee on  each  class  would  be  1200  jurors.  We  are  not 


106  REPORT 

working  women's  exhibits  up  any  more  than  men's.  It 
takes  care  of  itself.  We  do  not  specially  promote,  except 
in  this  way:  An  officer  of  a  department,  if  he  under- 
stands his  work,  is  given  a  classification.  That  is  his 
Bible.  He  makes  up  his  mind  what  is  possible  to  do  in 
the  way  of  an  exhibit.  They  build  up  an  exhibit.  In 
that  way  they  find  it  necessary  to  touch  what  we  call 
individual  promotion,  on  their  broad  lines.  For  in- 
stance, in  Education,  —  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind :  charity, 
philanthropy,  and  education  of  mind;  conveyance  of 
thought.  Social  Economy :  the  Model  City.  Machinery : 
that  class  of  machinery  that  is  most  ingenious.  Elec- 
tricity :  electro-therapeutics,  electro-magnetism.  Trans- 
portation: aeronautics,  Santos  Dumont,  etc.  Forestry, 
fish  culture,  etc.  They  can  add,  and  on  broad  lines 
develop,  the  highest  type  of  the  condition  of  the  times. 

Replying  to  the  question  whether  an  exhibit  of  laces 
by  a  woman  could  be  insured,  Mr.  Skiff  stated,  "We 
have  no  money  for  insurance;  we  have  no  people  to 
go  on  bond;  she  is  an  individual  exhibitor,  and  must 
get  in  her  own  exhibit  in  a  general  way." 

On  the  following  day,  March  12,  I  received  from 
Mr.  Stevens  the  following  letter,  accompanied  by  a 
Record  of  1903  Conventions  of  Organizations  com- 
posed of  Women :  — 

ST.  Louis,  U.  S.  A.,  MARCH  13,  1903. 

MADAM,  —  In  pursuance  of  the  conference  held  by 
your  Committee  with  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Exposition,  the  llth  inst.,  the  Acting  President,  Mr. 
Spencer,  directs  me  to  send  to  you  the  accompanying 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    107 

list  of  conventions  and  delegate  meetings  of  women  to 
be  held  in  the  near  future.  It  is  desired  to  obtain  action 
by  these  bodies  the  coming  year  to  meet  in  St.  Louis 
during  1904.  The  Acting  President  instructs  me  to  say 
that  if  your  Committee  or  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
will  assist  in  obtaining  such  action  it  will  be  highly  ap- 
preciated. 

The  Exposition  management,  with  a  view  to  en- 
courage the  holding  of  conventions  and  congresses,  has 
arranged  to  have  several  halls,  the  use  of  which  can  be 
given  to  conventions  without  cost  to  them.  Two  or  three 
convention  halls  will  be  so  located  with  approaches  as 
to  enable  delegates  to  the  conventions  to  reach  them 
without  passing  through  the  gates  of  the  Exposition. 
It  is  also  the  purpose  to  afford  hall  room  free  to  such 
bodies  as  may  desire  to  hold  meetings  downtown. 

The  Acting  President  directs  me  to  say  further,  that 
from  a  very  thorough  canvass  made  of  the  City  and 
from  information  in  the  possession  of  the  Exposition 
management,  it  is  believed  that  good  accommodations 
can  be  assured  at  reasonable  rates  during  the  Exposi- 
tion. It  is  the  intention  of  the  Exposition  management 
to  maintain  an  information  service  which  will  enable 
delegates  to  secure  accommodations  by  mail  previous  to 
their  arrival  here. 

In  other  ways  the  Exposition  management  will  en- 
deavor to  make  the  holding  of  conventions  a  prominent 
and  satisfactory  feature  of  the  World's  Fair.  If  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  will  join  in  the  invitation  to 
these  bodies  of  women  to  hold  their  1904  conventions 
at  St.  Louis  the  Board  can  help  very  materially.  If  the 
members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  can  attend 


108 


REPORT 


some  of  these  gatherings  of  1903,  and  by  personal  effort 
and  representation  assist  in  bringing  the  conventions 
here  the  following  year,  the  Management  will  be 
pleased  to  have  them  do  so. 

Very  respectfully, 

(Signed)  W.  B.  STEVENS,  Secretary. 

MRS.  MART  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY. 


RECORD    OF  1903  CONVENTIONS  OF  ORGANIZATIONS  COM- 
POSED OF  WOMEN 

International  Congress  of  Nurses,  New  York  City. 
International  Board  of  Women  and  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Conference,  Cleveland,  O. 

Daughters  of  Liberty  National  Council,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Daughters  of  St.  George,  Columbus,  O. 

Daughters  of  Veterans  National  Convention,  Cleveland,  O. 

Ladies'  Aid  Society  of  the  United  States,  Providence,  R.  I. 

P.  R.  O.  Sisterhood  Supreme,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Ladies'  United  Veteran  Legion  National  Convention,       Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

National  Council  of  Women,  New  York  City. 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  Chicago,  HI. 

National  League  of  Women  Workers,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Womens*  and  Young  Womens'  Christian  Association,          St.  Louis,  Mo. 

National  Congress  of  Mothers,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Riverton,  N.  J. 

Daughters  of  the  Revolution,  General  Society,  New  York  City. 

King's  Daughters  and  Sons,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Knights  and  Ladies  of  Honor,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Knights  and  Ladies  of  Security,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

International  Ladies'  Garment  Workers'  Union,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

P.  E.  C.  Sisterhood,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Spanish  American  War  Nurses,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Woman's  Relief  Corps,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Council  of  Jewish  Women,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    109 

National  American  Woman  Suffrage  Association,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Ancient  Sons  and  Daughters  of  Jerusalem,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Ladies  of  the  Maccabees,  Port  Huron,  Mich. 


In  a  letter  from  Dr.  Howard  J.  Rogers,  in  charge  of 
Congresses,  which  will  be  appended  to  this  report,  he 

says : — 

I  beg  to  state  that,  in  my  opinion,  the  only  feasible 
way  is  for  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
acting  in  behalf  of  the  Board,  to  communicate  with 
the  Secretaries  of  the  various  womens*  organizations, 
such  as  Federation  of  Clubs,  etc. 

Our  Committee  suggests  that  a  separate  Committee 
be  formed  to  take  these  Congresses  and  other  womens' 
organizations  in  hand,  and  make  it  their  duty  to  arrange 
for  dates.  We  would  also  suggest  that  a  local  com- 
mittee of  leading  club  women  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  be 
appointed  to  act  in  harmony  and  in  unison  with  this 
Committee  of  Congresses  from  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers. 

I  herewith  submit  copies  of  letters  from  Mr.  Skiff 
and  Mr.  Rogers :  — 

ST.  Louis,  U.  S.  A.,  March  «7,  1903. 

Mrs.  Mary  Phelps  Montgomery, 
3642  Delmar  Avenue, 

St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

DEAR  MADAM,  —  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge 
your  favor  of  March  21,  which  has  been  noted.  I  beg 
to  inform  you  in  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  the 
Executive  Committee  that  the  Director  of  Exhibits  for- 


110  REPORT 

mulate  a  program  suggesting  how  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  can  assist  the  Exposition  Company  in  obtain- 
ing Congresses  of  Women  to  meet  in  St.  Louis,  I  referred 
the  matter  to  the  Chief  of  Congresses,  who  has  made  a 
report  in  which  I  concur,  and  I  respectfully  submit 
it  for  your  information  and  assistance. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be, 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

(Signed)  F.  J.  V.  SKIFF, 

Director  of  Exhibits. 


March  24,  1903. 

Hon.  F.  J.  V.  Skiff, 

Director  of  Exhibits. 

DEAR  SIR,  —  Replying  to  your  communication  of 
March  23,  in  reference  to  the  Director  of  Exhibits 
"formulating  a  programme  suggesting  how  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  can  assist  in  obtaining  Congresses  of 
Women  to  meet  in  St.  Louis,"  I  beg  to  state  that  in  my 
opinion  the  only  feasible  way  is  for  the  Secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers,  acting  in  behalf  of  the  Board, 
to  communicate  with  the  secretaries  of  the  various 
womens'  organizations,  such  as  the  Federation  of 
Womens*  Clubs,  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, Colonial  Dames  of  America,  United  Daughters 
of  Confederacy,  Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 
Ladies'  Catholic  Benevolent  Association,  United  States 
Daughters  of  1812,  and  to  second  the  invitation  given 
by  the  Exposition  to  meet  in  this  city  in  1904,  assuring 
them  their  active  cooperation  in  the  matter  of  obtain- 
ing halls,  accommodations,  and  other  matters. 

The  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  the 


COMMITTEE  ON   WOMAN'S  WORK    111 

Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  have  already  decided  to 
meet  in  this  city.     I  return  the  letter  as  requested. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
(Signed)  HOWARD  J.  ROGERS. 

In  the  resolution  adopted  by  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  Commission  in  session  assembled  at  the 
city  of  New  York,  the  7th  day  of  February,  1902,  cer- 
tain rules  were  made  governing  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers.  The  -first  one  recites  the  power  given  by 
Congress  to  this  Board  of  Lady  Managers  to  appoint 
"one  member  of  all  committees  authorized  to  award 
prizes  for  such  exhibits  as  may  have  been  produced  in 
whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor." 

The  Committee  on  Woman's  Work  would  suggest :  — 

First,  —  That  our  Board  make  due  preparation  for 
the  intelligent  selection  of  one  member  of  all  committees 
authorized  to  award  prizes  for  such  exhibits  as  may 
have  been  produced  in  whole  or  in  part  by  female 
labor;  and  that  we  request  from  the  Local  Executive 
Committee  a  list  of  all  work  presented  for  competition 
before  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  produced  in 
whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor. 

Under  the  resolutions  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  of  February  7,  1902,  Second,  —  We  are  to 
"exercise  general  supervisory  control  over  such  fea- 
tures of  the  Exposition  as  may  be  specially  devoted  to 
Woman's  Work." 

This  resolution  is  so  vague  in  its  phraseology  that  we 
are  unable  to  outline  just  what  we  may  be  permitted 
to  do,  and  the  Chairman  wishes  to  call  the  attention  x>f 


112  REPORT 

this  Board  to  the  fact  that  one  of  the  subjects  which  we 
were  instructed  to  take  up  before  the  Local  Executive 
Committee  was  in  regard  to  a  resolution  passed  by  this 
Board  at  its  first  meeting  on  September  30,  1902,  re- 
garding indecent  and  immoral  dancing.  We  were  in- 
structed by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  to  inquire 
what  action  had  been  taken  in  regard  to  this  resolution, 
and  were  informed  that  it  was  acted  upon  immediately 
and  the  Company's  attorney  was  instructed  to  make 
the  contracts  in  the  Midway  Plaisance  so  as  to  exclude 
immoral  and  indecent  dancing. 

The  third  resolution,  that  we  were  "to  take  part  in 
the  ceremonies  connected  with  the  dedication  of  the 
buildings  of  the  Exposition,  and  in  official  functions  in 
which  women  may  be  invited  to  participate,  and  in  any 
other  functions,  upon  the  request  of  the  Company  and 
Commission." 

From  the  very  gracious  manner  in  which  this  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  has  been  provided  for  and  permitted 
to  participate  in  the  opening  ceremonies  of  the  Exposi- 
tion, it  would  appear  that  the  Government,  Commission 
and  Local  Company  will  see  that  we  are  properly  cared 
for  on  all  future  occasions. 

Fourth,  —  That  we  confer  and  advise  with  the  offi- 
cers and  chiefs  of  the  Exposition,  on  the  progress  being 
made  from  time  to  time  in  exciting  the  interest  and 
enlisting  the  cooperation  of  women  in  the  several  de- 
partments, and  to  appoint  all  committees  necessary 
to  carry  out  the  purpose,  and  to  procure  informa- 
tion on  the  extent  of  woman's  participation  in  the 
Exposition. 

Fifth,  —  That  we  encourage  the  presentation  of  ex- 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    113 

hibits  by  women,  by  correspondence,  advertising,  or 
such  other  means  as  the  Company  may  approve. 

Sixth,  —  That  we  collect  statistics  of  woman's  work 
in  connection  with  the  Exposition  for  publication. 

Seventh, — That  we  encourage  by  correspondence, 
or  otherwise,  attendance  at  the  Exposition,  of  societies 
and  associations  of  women,  and  the  holding  of  conven- 
tions, congresses,  and  other  meetings  of  women. 

Eighth,  —  That  we  maintain  within  the  grounds  dur- 
ing the  period  of  the  Exposition  an  organization  for  the 
relief  of  women  and  children  who  may  be  found  in  need 
of  aid,  comfort,  or  special  protection. 

Ninth,  —  That  we  receive  and  officially  entertain 
women  when  requested  so  to  do  by  the  Exposition  Com- 
pany and  the  Commission. 

Tenth,  —  That  we  commission  members  of  the  Board, 
or  others,  with  the  approval  of  the  Commission  and  the 
Company,  to  travel  in  the  interest  of  the  Exposition, 
either  at  home  or  abroad. 

Eleventh,  —  That  we  provide  for  the  constant  attend- 
ance by  rotation  of  at  least  three  members  of  the  Board 
at  the  Exposition  Grounds  from  April  30  to  December 
1,  1904. 

Twelfth,  —  That  we  issue  such  bulletins  from  time 
to  time  as  the  Company  and  the  Commission  may 
approve,  for  the  special  information  of  women,  and 
the  exploitation  of  their  contributions  to  the  success 
of  the  Exposition. 

After  our  Board  had  adjourned  and  gone  to  their 
homes  the  Chairman  called  upon  President  Carter,  of 
the  National  Commission,  and  had  with  him  a  most1 


114  REPORT 

interesting  talk  in  regard  to  Woman's  Work,  and  he 
promised  to  furnish  the  Chairman  extracts  from  their 
minutes,  containing  such  suggestions  on  the  plan  and 
scope  of  Woman's  Work,  in  connection  with  the  Expo- 
sition; and  from  these  extracts  our  Committee  has 
outlined  for  this  Board  the  work  which  may  be  done 
by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  following  in  many 
instances  the  Commission's  suggestions  verbatim. 

This  Committee  desires  to  return  its  thanks  for  the 
courteous  manner  in  which  they  were  received  by  the 
Local  Executive  Committee,  and  for  the  assurance  of 
aid  in  any  work  which  they  might  undertake.  They 
also  desire  to  thank  the  National  Commission  for  its 
kind  reception,  advice  and  suggestions  on  the  plan  of 
Woman's  Work. 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  pursuant  to  a  call, 
met  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  April  28,  1903,  and,  as  has 
already  been  stated,  the  Chairman  read  before  the 
Board  the  report  from  which  the  above  extracts  are 
taken,  on  the  work  of  the  Committee  on  Woman's 
Work  performed  in  St.  Louis.  The  President  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  at  this  April  meeting  created 
several  new  committees,  viz.,  an  Executive  Committee, 
an  Entertainment  Committee,  a  Legislative  Committee, 
and  a  Committee  for  a  Day  Nursery,  or  Creche.  The 
creating  of  these  committees  practically  took  from  the 
hands  of  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work,  all  special 
work. 

A  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was 
called  in  St.  Louis  on  December  15,  1903;  at  this  meet- 
ing it  became  necessary  to  elect  a  new  President  of  the 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    115 

Board,  and  conditions  had  so  changed  that  it  became 
necessary  to  add  several  new  committees  to  those  al- 
ready formed,  one  being  the  Committee  on  Awards, 
further  to  develop  the  work  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers. 

The  only  money  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  had 
ever  received  to  conduct  its  work  was  an  appropria- 
tion of  $3000  from  the  Treasury  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition,  part  of  which  had  been  expended, 
so  that  all  work  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was 
absolutely  suspended  for  the  want  of  funds.  It  became 
necessary  for  the  Legislative  Committee  to  proceed  to 
Washington  to  secure  money  to  carry  out  their  plans. 
The  result  of  the  labors  of  the  Legislative  Committee 
has  been  ably  told  in  the  report  of  the  Chairman  of 
that  Committee,  Mrs.  Edward  L.  Buchwalter. 

During  the  December  meeting,  and  after  the  ad- 
journment of  the  Board,  the  work  which  seemed  of  the 
most  vital  interest,  and  the  one  which  lay  nearest  to  the 
hearts  of  every  member  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
was  the  construction,  equipment,  and  management  of  a 
creche  or  day  nursery.  The  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Woman's  Work  remained  with  the  President  of  the 
Board  in  St.  Louis  for  ten  days  after  the  adjournment  of 
the  Board,  meeting  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  endeavoring  to  arrange 
for  the  construction  and  equipment  of  a  day  nursery. 
The  Exposition  Company  assured  this  Committee  that 
they  would  construct  for  the  Lady  Managers  a  building 
that  would  cost  $30,000  and  give  $5000  toward  equip- 
ment, and  that  the  day  nursery  would  be  self -sustaining, 
with  the  possibility  of  an  income  above  the  expense 
payable  to  the  Exposition  Company. 


116  REPORT 

It  now  became  evident  that  if  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  was  to  have  a  day  nursery,  it  must  give 
up  the  idea  of  a  purely  philanthropic  institution  and 
enter  the  field  as  money-makers. 

After  two  weeks  of  patient  labor,  it  was  made  ap- 
parent that  if  a  day  nursery  was  built,  all  expenses  for 
furnishing  and  maintaining  it  must  be  paid  for  out  of 
the  funds  appropriated  by  Congress  for  the  use  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  in  their  various  works.  The 
President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  offered  to 
contribute  $15,000  for  the  furnishing  and  maintenance 
of  this  day  nursery  out  of  the  $100,000  set  aside  for  the 
use  of  the  Lady  Managers,  if  the  Exposition  Company 
would  free  them  from  any  further  financial  liability. 
This  the  Exposition  Company  refused  to  do. 

The  Exposition  Company  further  informed  us  they 
had  already  let  a  concession  for  a  Model  Playground 
which  would  practically  cover  the  work  to  be  performed 
by  the  day  nursery  and  that  this  concession  had  agreed 
to  care  for  each  child  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  cents  per 
day,  and  that  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  could  not 
conduct  a  day  nursery  without  charging  a  fee  for  the 
care  of  each  child.  Thus  a  day  nursery  was  taken  out 
of  the  hands  of  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work. 

As  Chairman  of  this  Committee,  I  cannot  bring  this 
report  to  a  close  without  expressing  the  very  deep  and 
heart-felt  disappointment  of  the  Committee  on  Wo- 
man's Work,  and  I  may  add  the  President  and  every 
member  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  that  circum- 
stances over  which  we  had  no  control  forced  us  to 
abandon  this  cherished  project  of  a  model  day  nursery. 

As  the  duties  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  be- 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMAN'S  WORK    117 

came  more  apparent  and  diversified,  and  the  work 
evolved  and  developed,  it  became  necessary  to  special- 
ize. The  work  of  the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work 
ceased  to  be  performed  by  a  large  committee  under  this 
name,  but  was  carried  on  to  the  close  of  the  Exposition 
by  committees  composed  of  the  various  members  of  the 
Board. 

In  closing  this  report,  it  would  appear  at  first  that 
the  Committee  on  Woman's  Work  stood  for  very  little 
and  had  done  very  little  toward  the  success  of  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers.  However,  this  Committee,  under 
other  names,  did  successfully  perform  a  large  amount 
of  philanthropic  and  social  work. 

There  were  on  the  Exposition  Grounds  State  Build- 
ings constructed  by  forty-four  States.  These  buildings 
were  designed  as  club-houses  for  the  citizens  of  the 
various  States  and  were  provided  with  rest-rooms,  social 
halls,  and  other  rooms  to  contribute  to  the  comfort  of 
and  promote  sociability  among  the  people  of  the  various 
States  visiting  the  Exposition.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Exposition  it  seemed  one  of  the  duties  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  would  be  to  provide  a  hall  for  the 
meeting  of  women  visiting  the  Exposition,  and  also 
a  rest-room,  but  this  want  was  provided  for  by  each 
individual  State. 

MARY  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY,  Chairman. 

MARGARET  DALY. 

ANNA  L.  DAWES. 

M.  K.  DE  YOUNG. 

C.  B.  BUCHWALTER. 

JENNIE  GILLMORE  KNOTT. 

EMILY  S.  G.  HOLCOMBE.  •• 


118  REPORT 

THE   COMMITTEE  ON  FOREIGN   RELATIONS 

Miss  Anna  L.  Dawes,  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Foreign  Relations,  read  the  first  report  of  that  Com- 
mittee at  the  meeting  of  the  Board  held  in  the  Admin- 
istration Building  on  March  2,  1904. 

The  final  Report  of  that  Committee  is  as  follows: — 

The  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  was  appointed 
by  Mrs.  James  L.  Blair,  the  first  President  of  the 
Board,  during  the  meeting  at  the  time  of  the  formal 
opening  of  the  Exposition  on  May  2,  1903.  This  com- 
mittee consisted  of  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  Chairman, 
Miss  Dawes,  Mrs.  Knott,  Miss  Gould,  Mrs.  Holcombe, 
Mrs.  Montgomery,  Mrs.  Moores,  and  Mrs.  von  May- 
hoff. 

On  December  17,  1903,  Mrs.  Manning  having  been 
elected  President  of  the  Board  after  the  resignation  of 
Mrs.  Blair,  Miss  Dawes  became  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee and  has  so  continued. 

In  pursuance  of  a  policy  inaugurated  by  Mrs. 
Manning,  it  was  determined  to  send  a  circular  to  the 
women  of  the  different  countries  of  Europe,  calling 
their  attention  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition, 
inviting  their  cooperation  and  presence,  and  offering 
to  do  what  we  could  toward  that  end.  At  the  request 
of  the  present  Chairman,  Mrs.  Manning  conferred 
with  the  officers  of  the  Exposition  as  to  what  had  al- 
ready been  done,  and  with  the  State  Department  in 
Washington  as  to  what  could  be  done,  and  prepared  the 
circular  appended ;  the  State  Department  sending  it  out 
to  its  officials  in  the  following  countries :  — 


COMMITTEE  ON  FOREIGN  RELATIONS   119 

Berne,  Switzerland,  Madrid,  Spain, 

Bucharest,  Roumania,  Stockholm,  Sweden, 

Belgrade,  Servia,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 

Brussels,  Belgium,  Sofia,  Bulgaria, 

Constantinople,  Turkey,  Vienna,  Austria, 

Copenhagen,  Denmark,  London,  England, 

Athens,  Greece,  The  Hague,  Netherlands, 

Berlin,  Germany,  Egypt, 

Havana,  Cuba,  Mexico, 

Lisbon,  Portugal,  China, 

Rome,  Italy,  Japan, 

Paris,  France,  Dominion  of  Canada. 

The  cordial  cooperation  of  the  Government,  through 
the  State  Department,  was  a  source  of  great  satisfac- 
tion to  the  Committee,  giving  as  it  did,  not  only  cur- 
rency to  the  circular,  but  putting  the  weight  and  dignity 
of  the  Government  behind  our  action.  For  this,  and 
for  the  extremely  valuable  circular  so  finely  adapted  to 
the  need,  and  so  eloquently  setting  forth  the  objects 
of  the  Exposition,  and  the  aims  and  desires  of  this 
Board,  we  are,  as  in  so  many  other  things,  indebted  to 
the  experience  and  ability  of  Mrs.  Manning. 

To  His  Excellency, 

The  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  of . 

EXCELLENCY,  —  By  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  is  directed  to  join  with 
the  other  constituted  authorities  in  commemorating  the 
great  event  in  the  history  of  the  United  States  when,  a 
century  ago,  there  was  added  to  its  territory  a  new  field 
which  to-day  is  the  home  of  many  people,  and  where 
earnest  and  sincere  women,  as  well  as  men,  are  labori- 


120  REPORT 

ously  working  out  the  problem  of  the  progress  of  hu- 
manity and  the  advancement  of  the  race. 

No  single  individual,  no  one  people,  no  separate 
country  can  supply  that  full  knowledge  from  which 
may  be  fixed  the  condition  of  mankind,  its  development 
in  the  industries,  the  arts,  the  sciences,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  20th  century.  The  entire  world  must  con- 
tribute to  this  knowledge  and  therefore  the  entire  world 
has  been  invited  to  take  part  in  this  universal  exposi- 
tion and  to  bring  hither  the  fruit  of  the  lands,  the  pro- 
ducts of  other  soils,  the  articles  manufactured  by  foreign 
hands  and  evidences  of  the  achievements  of  the  intellect 
and  intelligence  in  the  higher  fields  of  thought. 

While  in  gathering  these  things  there  is  no  distinc- 
tion made  between  the  product  of  man's  hand  and  of 
woman's  hand,  nevertheless,  it  is  the  peculiar  function 
of  this  Board  to  act  as  the  channel  through  which  wo- 
men, as  individuals,  and  as  organizations,  may  be 
brought  into  immediate  communication  with  the  Ex- 
position at  St.  Louis. 

It  is,  therefore,  with  cordiality  and  eagerness  that 
we  invite  the  women  of  your  country  to  join  with  us  in 
presenting  to  the  world  the  information  of  the  condi- 
tion, opportunities,  development,  and  promises  of  their 
sex  in  their  own  country,  and  to  exhibit  at  the  Exposi- 
tion specimens  of  their  productions  and  examples  of  their 
activities,  manual  and  mental,  scientific  and  artistic. 

And  coupled  with  this  invitation,  we  would  express 
the  hope  that  we  may  be  permitted  to  be  of  personal 
service  to  such  women  as  may  visit  the  Exposition  in 
person,  or  to  give  special  attention  to  the  exhibits  of 
such  as  may  not  be  able  to  come. 


COMMITTEE  ON  FOREIGN  RELATIONS    121 

Requesting  your  Excellency's  good  offices  to  the  end 
that  due  publicity  may  be  given  to  the  invitation  in 
order  that  it  may  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  women 
of  the  country,  we  beg  to  assure  you  of  the  high  con- 
sideration with  which  we  are, 

Your  obedient  servant, 
(Signed)  MARY  MARGARETTA  MANNING, 

President. 
The  Honorable,  the  Secretary  of  State. 

SIR,  —  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  invi- 
tations which  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  have  addressed  to  the 
women  of  foreign  countries,  through  the  respective 
diplomatic  envoys,  with  a  view  to  promoting  women's 
interests  at  the  Exposition. 

In  view  of  the  indorsement  which  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States  has  given  to  the  Exposition,  and  the 
recognition  it  has  accorded  to  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  I  should  be  pleased,  were  it  found  consistent 
with  practice,  for  the  invitations  to  be  delivered  by  the 
diplomatic  envoy  of  the  United  States,  and  if  they  were 
instructed  to  give  them  their  support. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 
(Signed)  M.  MARGARETTA  MANNING. 

Mrs.  M.  M.  Manning, 

President  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition, 

The  Arlington,  Washington,  D.  C. 
MADAM,  —  I  have  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your 
letter  of  the  14th  instant  transmitting  invitations  which 


122  REPORT 

the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  have  addressed  to  the  women  of 
foreign  countries,  through  the  Ministers  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  with  a  view  to  promoting  women's  interests  at 
the  Exposition. 

In  reply  I  have  to  inform  you  that  these  invitations, 
with  suitable  instructions,  have  been  sent  to-day  to  the 
diplomatic  representatives  of  the  United  States  in  the 
countries  mentioned  by  you.  I  am,  Madam, 

Your  obedient  servant, 
(Signed)  FRANCIS  B.  LOOMIS, 

Acting  Secretary. 

Letters  were  received  from  most  of  these  countries 
expressing  their  gratification  and  cordial  cooperation 
in  the  matter,  a  fact  which  was  evidenced  by  many  let- 
ters from  associations  and  individuals  with  reference 
to  exhibits,  etc.  For  instance  a  committee  of  women  at 
Berne,  through  its  secretary,  sent  a  very  remarkable 
consignment  of  pamphlets  relating  to  the  condition 
and  work  —  philanthropic  and  otherwise  —  of  the 
women  of  that  nation.  These  were  intrusted  to  the 
Department  of  Social  Economy.  Also  in  Italy  a  na- 
tional committee  of  women  of  great  consequence  was 
formed. 

Circumstances  prevented  any  further  initiative  on 
the  part  of  this  Committee,  outside  the  limits  of  the 
Exposition  itself.  Within  those  limits  it  has,  in  common 
with  the  whole  Board,  done  much  for  the  Exposition, 
and  for  the  country,  by  social  courtesies  extended  to 
the  representatives  of  foreign  lands,  and  received  from 
them  —  a  service  which  has  been  performed  by  the  Board 


HOUSE-FURNISHING  COMMITTEE     123 

with  success  and  dignity,  and  with  great  value  to  the 
interests  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

ANNA  L.  DAWES. 

EMILY  S.  G.  HOLCOMBE. 

MARY  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY. 

ANNIE  MCLEAN  MOORES. 

December,  1904. 


THE  HOUSE-FURNISHING  COMMITTEE 

Reaffirming  the  motion  already  made  on  February  16, 
1903,  providing  that  the  furnishing  of  the  Building  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  be  under  the  supervision 
of  the  President  of  the  Board,  on  March  4,  1904,  it  was 
moved  that  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning  be  made  active 
Chairman  of  the  House-Furnishing  Committee,  and 
select  her  own  Committee.  This  motion  being  carried, 
it  was  also  decided  that  the  Committee  on  House- 
Furnishing  be  limited  to  the  expenditure  of  the  sum  of 
$20,000  for  furnishing  the  building.  The  report  of  this 
Committee  is  as  follows :  — 

To  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition. 

LADIES,  — The  President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Man- 
agers having  been  elected  active  Chairman  of  the 
House-Furnishing  Committee,  with  power  to  select 
her  own  Committee,  named  Mrs.  Mary  Phelps  Mont- 
gomery and  Mrs.  John  M.  Holcombe  as  the  other 
members. 

At  the  same  meeting  of   the  Board  at  which  the 


124  REPORT 

Chairman  was  named,  the  sum  of  $20,000  was  fixed  as 
the  maximum  amount  that  might  be  expended  for 
house-furnishing  purposes  by  the  Committee.  This 
sum  was  to  cover  all  expenditures  for  electric  wiring 
and  fixtures,  electric  bells,  push-buttons,  and  annunc- 
iators; tinting  of  walls  and  staining  of  floors;  water 
connections,  filters,  water  heaters,  bath-tubs,  sinks, 
etc.;  all  wooden  partitions  in  dormitories;  window 
shades,  screens,  and  awnings;  arrangements  for  but- 
ler's pantry,  rugs,  carpets,  matting,  and  all  floor  cov- 
ering ;  furniture,  glass,  china,  and  kitchen  utensils ; 
table  and  bed  linen,  blankets, — indeed,  every  expend- 
iture attending  the  fitting  out  and  appointing  of  the 
building. 

The  Committee  was  fortunate  in  securing  for  part 
of  the  work  the  men  that  were  employed  by  the  Gov- 
ernment on  its  building,  and  had  been  brought  from 
Washington  for  that  purpose;  these  men  could  con- 
tract for  a  longer  stay  at  better  rates  than  were  ob- 
tainable in  St.  Louis.  The  tremendous  advance  in  the 
price  of  labor  about  this  time  led  the  Committee  to  be 
most  cautious  in  its  expenditures,  not  knowing  the  ex- 
tent of  the  demands  that  might  be  made  upon  the 
fund  before  the  building  itself  was  completed.  President 
Francis,  in  his  address  to  the  Board,  on  December  15, 
1903,  has  already  given  some  of  the  difficulties  experi- 
enced by  the  Exposition  Company  on  the  question  of 
the  cost  of  labor  up  to  that  date.  By  the  time  of  the 
opening  of  the  Exposition  the  members  of  this  Com- 
mittee had  to  meet  even  greater  prices,  as,  instead  of 
time  and  one-half  for  overtime,  the  demands  of  the 
workmen  had  risen  to  double  time  for  overtime.  This 


HOUSE-FURNISHING  COMMITTEE     125 

involved  paying  $1.50  per  hour  instead  of  seventy-five 
cents  for  certain  kinds  of  work  necessary  to  be  com- 
pleted by  Opening  Day. 

Most  of  the  furniture,  rugs,  carpets,  curtains,  glass, 
and  china  were  purchased  in  New  York  City,  but  some 
interesting  pieces  of  antique  furniture  were  obtained 
by  one  of  the  Committee  in  Connecticut,  while  others 
were  secured  in  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Material  and  substantial  aid  was  rendered  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Committee  by  many  generous  gifts  and  loans 
which  added  greatly  to  the  attractiveness  and  comfort 
of  the  building. 

Mrs.  Roosevelt,  wife  of  the  President,  by  request,  very 
graciously  presented  a  large  photograph  of  herself,  which 
was  the  only  picture  hung  in  the  salon  of  the  building 
of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

The  Committee  is  but  echoing  the  sentiments  of 
the  entire  Board  in  expressing  its  thanks  and  appre- 
ciation to  the  following  firms  for  their  handsome 
and  useful  gifts,  all  of  which  were  most  acceptably 
used  by  the  members  of  the  Board  and  their 
guests :  — 

Cheney  Brothers,  of  New  York  and  Connecticut, 
most  generously  contributed  one  of  their  handsome 
pieces  of  silk  damask  for  the  covering  of  the  walls  of  the 
salon;  also  the  material  for  the  curtains  for  that  room, 
yellow  silk  curtains  for  the  tea-room,  and  pink  silk 
curtains  and  furniture  covering  for  the  President's 
room.  The  thanks  of  the  Board  cannot  be  too  warmly 
expressed  to  this  firm  for  their  generosity  in  aiding  the 


126  REPORT 

Board  in  such  a  substantial  manner,  and  thus  beauti- 
fying its  house  by  their  gifts. 

Stein  way  &  Company,  New  York  City,  —  manu- 
factured for  our  use  and  loaned  to  us  one  of  the 
handsomest  pianos  they  could  make,  with  beautiful 
Louis  XV  decorations  in  ormolu,  which  was  used  on 
state  occasions  or  when  some  well-known  singer  or 
pianist  was  available.  It  was  the  admiration  of  all 
visitors. 

Chickering  &  Company,  New  York  City,  —  loaned 
one  of  their  beautiful  pianos,  which  was  placed  in  the 
large  hall  in  which  was  held  informal  meetings  and 
dances. 

Tiffany  &  Company,  New  York  City, — presented  a 
silver-plated  tea-service,  consisting  of  tray,  hot-water 
kettle,  with  lamp,  teapot,  coffee-pot,  hot-milk  pitcher, 
sugar-bowl,  cream-pitcher,  slop-bowl. 

This  set  was  used  every  afternoon  on  the  tea-table 
and  was  greatly  admired  by  all  who  were  the  guests  of 
the  Board  at  its  informal  afternoon  teas. 

Black,  Starr  &  Frost,  New  York  City,  —  gift  of 
four  silver-plated  candlesticks  of  attractive,  antique 
colonial  design;  also  a  set  of  four  plated  trays. 

Gorham  Manufacturing  Company,  New  York  City, 
—  gift  of  two  silver-plated  candelabra  of  beautiful 
design,  which  were  in  constant  use  at  the  afternoon  teas 
and  on  the  private  table  of  the  Board,  and  also  at  the 
more  formal  dinners  and  entertainments  where  lights 
were  used  on  the  tables. 

Lay  cock  &  Company  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  gener- 
ously loaned,  at  a  nominal  price,  the  brass  beds  and 
mattresses  used  in  the  building. 


HOUSE-FURNISHING  COMMITTEE     127 

Macy  &  Company,  New  York  City,  —  gift  of  ten 
dozen  plates,  cups  and  saucers,  of  Limoges  china, 
specially  decorated  and  of  unique  design,  that  were 
very  handsome  and  in  constant  use  by  the  Board. 

Higgins  &  Seiter,  New  York  City,  —  gift  of  set  of 
creaming-dishes  of  most  delicate  pattern  in  handsome 
white  case. 

International  Nickel  Company,  New  York  City,  — 
gift  of  chafing-dishes,  tea-kettles  and  trays,  of  espe- 
cially neat  design,  and  most  useful. 

Mrs.  Eva  B.  Leete,  Guilford,  Conn.,  —  loaned  a 
rare  antique  sideboard,  of  semi-circular  shape,  and 
a  "pie-crust"  table. 

Mr.  Armand  Hawkins,  New  Orleans,  La.,  — 
generously  loaned  many  interesting,  historic  and  use- 
ful pieces  of  furniture,  which  were  used  in  the  building 
of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  during  the  Exposition 
period. 

The  Standard  Scales  &  Fixtures  Company,  of  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  —  loaned  the  useful  and  necessary  ad- 
junct to  housekeeping,  —  an  unusually  fine  and  large 
McCray  glass-lined  refrigerator,  which  was  in  use  from 
the  first  days  of  the  Exposition  period  until  a  few  days 
after  the  close,  and  an  aid  to  the  comfort  of  all  who 
resided  in  the  building  and  their  guests. 

The  gifts  and  loans  to  the  Board  were  most  gratify- 
ing to  the  Committee,  as  they  were  an  evidence  of  a 
strong  interest  in  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  and 
its  building. 

It  was,  undoubtedly,  not  the  intention  of  the  Board, 
when  limiting  the  expenditure  of  this  Committee  to 
$20,000,  that  this  sum  should  cover  an  outlay  beyono1 


128  REPORT 

the  time  the  building  was  pronounced  finished  and 
furnished,  and  ready  for  the  occupancy  of  the  Board 
at  the  opening  of  the  Exposition.  The  total  expend- 
iture given  below,  however,  includes  all  additions 
to  furniture,  repairs  both  to  building  and  furniture, 
and  the  replacing  of  broken  articles  during  the  entire 
Exposition  period.  Such  was  the  careful  management 
of  the  Committee  that  it  not  only  succeeded  in 
accomplishing  the  payment  of  all  bills  contracted  by 
it  prior  to  the  opening,  but  at  the  close  of  the  Ex- 
position was  still  within  the  limit  originally  imposed, 
of  $20,000. 

The  Exposition  Company  agreed  to  pay  $5000  for 
the  furnishing  of  the  building  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  $5000  for  its  maintenance,  and  $5000  for 
entertainment. 

The  demands  upon  the  Exposition  Company  at 
this  time,  however,  were  so  great,  that  the  Board  de- 
cided, at  the  meeting  held  on  July  14,  1904,  to  take 
up  any  outstanding  bills,  and  passed  the  following 
resolution:  — 

RESOLVED,  —  That  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
assume  the  payment  of  the  now  unpaid  bills  for  enter- 
taining and  furniture  for  the  Board  that  have  been 
turned  over  to  the  Exposition  Company,  for  which  the 
Exposition  Company  had  pledged  a  certain  sum. 

The  following  is  an  itemized  account  of  amount  ex- 
pended for  the  finishing  and  furnishing  of  the  building 
of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers :  — 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMEN'S  CONGRESS     129 


ITEMIZED  ACCOUNT  FOB  FURNISHING  BUILDING  OF  THE 
BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS. 


Bills  paid  by  the 
Exposition  Co. 

Bills  paid  from  the 
$3  000  Appro- 
priation. 

Bills  paid  from  the 
$100,000  Appro- 
priation. 

Furniture,     china, 
linen,    expressage 

Tinting  walls,  stain- 
ing floors,  plumb- 
ing,  beating    ap- 
paratus,    electric 
wiring,     awnings, 
screens,  partitions, 
etc.,  etc.    .     .     . 

$752.82 
1,460.99 

$652.25 
64.30 

$11,692.65 

2,263.32 
$13,955.97 

$2,213.31 

$716.55 

Total  paid  by  Exposition  Co., 
"        "  from  $3000  appropria 
"      "     $100,000 

$2,213.31 
tion                                     716  55 

.     13,955.97 

Total  amount  expended  for  House-Furnishing 


$16,885.83 


Respectfully  submitted. 
MARY  MARGABETTA  MANNING,  Chairman. 
MARY  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY. 
EMILY  S.  G.  HOLCOMBE. 


THE   COMMITTEE  ON  WOMEN'S  CONGRESSES 

The  Committee  on  Women's  Congresses  was  created 
by  the  first  President  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
in  April,  1903.  Its  aim  was  to  be  instrumental  in  bring- 
ing together  representative  women  of  this  and  foreign 
countries,  either  as  organized  bodies  or  as  individuals, 


130  REPORT 

in  order  that  by  discussion  and  comparison  of  all  social, 
educational,  charitable,  and  industrial  aspirations,  and 
an  interchange  of  thought  on  important  questions  re- 
lating to  the  welfare  of  women,  the  higher,  intellectual, 
moral,  and  physical  plane  that  has  already  been  es- 
tablished might  not  only  continue  to  be  maintained, 
but  mutual  interests  be  renewed  and  encouraged. 
They  hoped  thus  to  foster  a  better  understanding  of 
the  aims  of  women  of  the  different  countries,  and,  by 
strengthening  their  common  cause  and  making  possible 
uniformity  of  action,  promote  the  advancement  of 
women  everywhere. 

It  was  further  desired,  by  thus  bringing  together 
distinguished  women  from  all  parts  of  the  world  in- 
terested in  mental  development  and  philanthropic  and 
reformatory  work,  to  review  not  only  the  old,  but  add 
the  new  record  of  the  historical  progress  of  women  to 
date,  to  learn  not  only  the  various  achievements  now 
being  accomplished  by  the  women  of  the  world  in  all 
phases  of  life  at  the  present  time,  but  ascertain  the 
objective  height  now  sought  or  thought  to  be  attainable 
for  them  in  each  country. 

The  Committee  felt  that  this  Exposition  would  af- 
ford an  opportunity  to  consider  carefully  humanitarian 
interests,  and  record  the  close  connection  of  women  to 
the  most  important  issues,  their  struggles,  and  their 
possibilities.  The  encouraging  stimulus  that  would  be 
given  to  them  by  the  expression  of  their  mutual  hope 
of  the  ultimate  success  of  earnest  endeavor  for  their 
advancement,  must  inevitably  result  in  aiding  the 
elevation  of  women  and  the  improvement  of  the 
conditions  under  which  they  live,  and  upon  which 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMEN'S  CONGRESS    131 

not  only  their  own  welfare,  but  that  of  the  nation  largely 
depends. 

It  was,  therefore,  a  source  of  great  regret  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Committee  that  their  desire  to  carry  out 
these  commendable  plans  was  doomed,  in  great  meas- 
ure, not  to  be  realized,  because,  while  the  "suggestion" 
was  again  approved  by  the  Exposition  Company,  no 
means  were  provided  for  carrying  out  the  work,  and 
its  own  appropriation  was  not  received  by  the  Board 
in  time  to  be  made  available. 

The  following  is  the  final  Report  of  the  Committee  on 
Women's  Congresses :  — 

To  the  President  and  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

LADIES,  —  The  Committee  on  Women's  Congresses 
was  appointed  by  Mrs.  Blair,  April  19,  1903,  and  was 
composed  of  Mrs.  Andrews,  Mrs.  Hanger,  and  Mrs. 
Buch waiter,  who  was,  by  unanimous  vote,  made  chair- 
man December  18,  of  that  year. 

When  the  Committee  was  first  created,  it  asked 
for  a  letter  of  instruction  from  the  Exposition  Board. 
This  letter  was  received  together  with  a  list  of  women's 
organizations  which  had  been  compiled  in  the  office  of 
the  Exposition  Company.  Communications  were  at 
once  sent  to  each  of  these  associations;  also  to  others 
selected  by  the  Committee,  in  all  more  than  fifty.  In 
addition  to  extending  an  invitation  to  hold  its  meeting  at 
St.  Louis  during  the  World's  Fair,  each  organization 
was  told  that  a  place  of  meeting  would  be  provided,  and 
that  all  possible  aid  would  be  given  in  making  prelimi- 


132  REPORT 

nary  arrangements  by  a  Board  of  Information  which 
would  be  ready  to  supply  any  assistance  necessary  in 
preparing  for  the  meeting. 

Up  to  this  time  it  had  been  hoped  that  it  would 
be  possible  to  inaugurate  a  series  of  meetings  of  wo- 
men's associations  which  would  be  congresses  in  more 
than  name.  The  Committee,  however,  was  confronted 
with  the  serious  limitation  of  no  treasury  from  which 
to  draw.  At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Board  during  the 
incumbency  of  the  first  President,  a  committee  had 
been  appointed  with  Mrs.  Manning  as  chairman,  which 
was  to  ask  Congress  for  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
for  the  use  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  It  was 
hoped  that  this  matter  might  be  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  Congress  at  the  special  session  in  the  fall  of 

1903,  but  the  delay  caused  by  the  necessity  of  electing 
a  new  President  retarded  all  the  work  of  the  Board. 
Upon  the  election  of  Mrs.  Manning  to  the  Presidency, 
a  new  Legislative  Committee  was  appointed,  which 
unfortunately  was  not  able  to  report  the  success  of  its 
mission  of  securing  the  appropriation  until  March  1, 

1904,  by  which  time  all  the  organizations  had  perfected 
their  plans  for  that  year;  in  consequence  of  which,  all 
idea  of  congresses  was  reluctantly  abandoned. 

In  the  mean  time  responses  were  received  from 
many  of  the  larger  organizations,  some  of  which  said 
that  experience  had  shown  that  the  interest  of  their 
stated  meetings  suffered  when  they  were  held  where 
there  were  so  many  counter  attractions  as  were  offered 
by  a  great  exposition;  others  did  not  respond  at  all. 
Of  those  who  accepted  and  held  meetings  in  St.  Louis 
in  the  season  of  1904,  were  the  various  fraternal  organi- 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMEN'S  CONGRESS    133 

zations  of  women,  the  General  Federation  of  Women's 
Clubs,  the  National  Mothers'  Congress,  the  Interna- 
tional Council,  Council  of  Jewish  Women,  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  American  Revolution,  National  Society  of 
the  Colonial  Dames  of  America,  the  United  Daughters 
of  the  Confederacy,  the  P.  E.  O.'s,  the  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union,  the  Women's  Relief  Corps 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  the  Association 
of  Collegiate  Alumnae. 

All  the  meetings  which  were  held  at  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition  were  largely  attended  and  noted 
for  the  enthusiasm  of  the  members  and  the  great  in- 
terest taken  in  the  objects  represented  by  the  respective 
organizations. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

C.  B.  BUCHWALTER. 

M.  M.  ANDREWS. 
FRANCES  MARION  HANGER. 


OPENING  OF  THE  EXPOSITION 

REPRESENTATION   OF    THE    BOARD   IN   THE   APPOINT- 
MENT  OF  WOMEN  ON    JURIES  OF  AWARD 

SEVENTH  MEETING  OF  BOARD,  APRIL  28,   1904 

PURSUANT  to  adjournment,  on  March  5,  1904,  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  called  by  the 
President  for  April  28,  1904,  to  enable  the  members  to 
be  present  at  the  Opening  Exercises  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition,  which  were  to  take  place  on 
April  30,  of  that  year. 

The  Board  was  in  session  until  May  9,  during  which 
time  many  matters  of  importance  were  considered. 
Letters  were  read  from  organizations,  reports  received 
from  Chairmen  of  Committees,  and  jurors  appointed; 
on  May  6,  a  resolution,  presented  by  Mrs.  Holcombe 
and  amended  by  Miss  Egan,  was  adopted,  by  which 
the  President  of  the  Board  was  made  active  Chairman 
of  the  Executive,  Entertainment,  and  Ceremonies 
Committees,  and  full  plans  were  made  for  the  conduct 
of  the  affairs  of  the  Board  during  the  coming  months 
of  the  Exposition  period. 

Twenty-one  of  the  twenty-two  members  were  present, 
and  on  the  morning  of  April  30,  they  met  and  pro- 
ceeded in  a  body  to  the  Administration  Building, 
where  they  joined  the  President  and  Directors  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company,  the  members 
of  the  National  Commission,  and  representatives  from 
foreign  countries;  entering  carriages  they  were  driven 
to  the  Peace  Monument  where  seats  were  reserved  for 
them.  After  the  close  of  the  interesting  exercises  offi- 


EIGHTH  MEETING  135 

cially  opening  the  Exposition,  3000  invited  guests  ad- 
journed to  the  Varied  Industries  Building  where  lunch- 
eon was  served.  After  a  brilliant  display  of  fireworks 
in  the  evening  at  the  Stadium,  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  entertained  a  distinguished  company  at 
dinner,  which  closed  the  festivities  of  Opening  Day. 


EIGHTH  MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD,  JULY  14,  1904 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  held  at  the  opening  of 
the  Exposition  (April  28  to  May  9),  discussion  was  had 
as  to  whether  a  midsummer  meeting  of  the  Board 
should  be  called.  Arrangements  had  been  made  that 
a  Rotating  Committee  (composed  of  the  members  of 
the  Board,  who  were  to  serve  in  rotation),  should  be 
in  constant  attendance  to  discharge  such  duties  as 
might  arise  from  time  to  time  in  the  conduct  of  the 
affairs  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  As  it  was 
the  opinion  of  the  members  present,  however,  that 
undoubtedly  new  business  would  arise  between  the 
beginning  and  end  of  the  Exposition  term  that  should 
be  submitted  to  the  entire  Board  for  consideration,  it 
was  moved  and  seconded  that  a  meeting  should  be  held 
July  14,  1904. 

The  meeting  was  called  as  provided  for,  and,  at  the 
first  session,  resolutions  were  passed  relating  to  the 
payment  of  outstanding  bills  that  had  been  turned 
over  to  the  Exposition  Company,  and  the  donation  of 
$5000  to  the  Model  Play-Ground,  Nursery,  and  Lost 
Children  Work,  both  of  which  are  quoted  in  full  in  the 
reports  of  the  respective  committees.  A  new  Secretary 
was  appointed,  and  reports  received  from  the  Treasurer 


136  REPORT 

and  chairmen  of  all  committees.  The  Chairman  of  the 
House  Committee  reported  that  the  building  was  open 
to  the  public  every  day,  and  that  it  had  been  arranged 
that  tea  should  be  served  each  afternoon  from  four  to 
six  o'clock.  Letters  from  organizations  and  suggestions 
from  individuals  were  read  and  acted  upon.  The  Board 
adjourned  after  a  two  days'  session,  not  expecting  to 
meet  again  until  November,  just  prior  to  the  close  of 
the  Exposition. 

NINTH  MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD,  SEPTEMBER  20,  1904 

The  ninth  meeting  of  the  Board  was  called  Septem- 
ber 20,  1904.  This  was  a  special  meeting  called  for  the 
purpose  of  reconfirming  the  Departmental  Jurors,  as  is 
set  forth  in  the  final  Report  of  the  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  of  Awards. 

An  exposition  must  of  necessity  prove  educational. 
The  Director  of  Exhibits  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex- 
position said:  "The  opportunity  afforded  for  study  and 
comparison  of  the  various  productions  of  human  genius 
and  activity  classified  and  shown  in  detail,  the  finished 
product  beside  the  methods  and  processes  by  which 
articles  are  produced,  the  vast  systems  of  machinery 
in  operation,  and  the  skilled  artisans  occupied  in  diffi- 
cult and  intricate  employments  or  native  industries, 
representing  accurately  and  in  detail,  the  latest  develop- 
ment of  the  various  arts  and  manufactures,  makes  it 
possible  for  not  only  the  student  to  acquire  knowledge, 
but  each  exhibitor  may  learn  something  from  every 
other  exhibitor  in  his  class  which  may  be  to  his  ad- 
vantage, and  which  may  lead  to  the  improvement  of 


NINTH  MEETING  137 

that  which  he  produces,  whether  it  be  in  the  domain  of 
art  or  manufacture,  at  home  or  abroad.  The  measure 
of  the  value  of  an  International  Exposition  is  deter- 
mined by  the  number  of  important  countries  repre- 
sented by  exhibits,  the  characteristics  and  compre- 
hensive nature  of  these  exhibits,  or  the  excellence  in 
quality  according  to  the  standards  of  the  countries  from 
which  they  come.  An  exposition  affords  the  greatest 
opportunity  that  manufacturers  and  producers  of  a 
nation  have  to  increase  their  export  trade  by  display- 
ing their  samples  and  products  before  the  eyes  of 
foreign  people  whose  markets  they  seek."  Exhibitors 
are  commercial  and  non-commercial;  the  commercial 
exhibitor  has  as  his  chief  object  the  advertisement  of 
his  business,  and  consequent  increase  in  the  sale  of  his 
goods  by  means  of  his  display,  and  the  possible  receipt 
of  an  award  which  may  prove  valuable  in  future 
exploitation  of  his  products;  the  non-commercial  ex- 
hibitor has  but  the  moral  satisfaction  of  receiving  the 
tangible  assurance  of  the  excellence  of  his  work  as 
represented  by  the  award. 

Though  woman's  work  enters  into  almost  all  manu- 
factured articles,  its  proportion  in  some  is  very  small, 
and  at  the  Columbian  Exposition,  where  it  was  esti- 
mated that  women  had  a  share  in  nearly  three  hundred 
and  fifty  industries,  it  was  finally  agreed  between  the 
Board  of  Control  and  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  that 
the  best  method  upon  which  to  base  the  proportion  of 
women  on  the  juries  would  be  to  give  them  represen- 
tation according  to  the  amount  of  work  done  by  women 
on  articles  to  be  judged  in  each  department  of  the  clas- 
sification. This  was  a  very  satisfactory  arrangement'  to 


138  REPORT 

that  Board,  inasmuch  as  the  manufacturers  exhibiting 
were  asked  on  the  application-blanks  furnished  them 
when  they  applied  for  space,  "Was  the  work  upon  this 
exhibit  done  wholly  or  in  part  by  women  ?"  An  affirm- 
ative answer  entitled  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  to 
membership  on  the  Jury  of  Awards,  giving  it  a  ma- 
jority in  any  department  where  women  were  especially 
active,  and  a  minority,  or  total  exclusion,  where  they  had 
contributed  little,  or  nothing,  to  the  department,  which 
would  seem  a  most  equitable  method. 

The  impossibility  of  ascertaining  these  facts  greatly 
affected  the  right  of  representation  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  on  the 
Juries  of  Awards. 

President  Francis,  in  his  address  to  the  Board  on 
March  2,  1904,  spoke  as  follows:  — 

I  wish  to  say  again  —  I  think  I  have  made  this 
statement  to  you  before  —  that  when  we  started  the 
organization  of  the  Exposition  the  question  of  separate 
fields  of  exhibit  of  competition  was  suggested  and  ad- 
vanced, but  the  stronger  view  was  presented,  as  we  be- 
lieved by  the  stronger  women,  that  there  should  be  no 
contest  between  individual  members  of  the  different 
sexes,  but  that  the  work  of  each  should  be  shown  — 
that  if  women  had  not  arrived  at  that  stage  and 
made  advancement  which  permitted  them  to  com- 
pete with  men's  work,  they  had  advanced  but  little. 
Therefore,  we  did  not  think  of  making  any  separate 
classification  for  the  exhibitions  of  women's  work  — 
they  came  in  under  the  same  classification  as  men. 
On  most  of  the  lines  of  work  upon  which  women  have 


NINTH  MEETING  139 

entered,  they  are  holding  their  own,  if  not  in  every 
instance. 


While  there  was  formerly  something  to  be  said  on 
each  side  of  the  question  of  separate  exhibits,  the  ex- 
tent to  which  women  now  enter  into  all  departments  of 
industrial  and  professional  activities,  renders  it  not  only 
difficult,  but  in  some  instances  almost  impossible,  to 
make  a  separate  exhibit  of  the  part  they  perform.  It  is 
true,  if  women  were  to-day  eliminated  from  the  employ- 
ments in  which  they  are  now  engaged  and  relegated  to 
those  of  forty  years  ago,  the  exhibits  of  the  nature  of 
man's  work  would  be  in  no  wise  affected,  and  women 
have  not  sufficiently  taken  the  initiative  (from  lack  of 
capital,  and  adverse  competition),  in  establishing  large 
manufacturing  plants  to  be  enabled  by  these  means  to 
make  exhibits  on  similar  lines;  but  where  women  now 
work  by  the  side  of,  and  the  quality  of  their  mental  and 
manual  labor  competes  satisfactorily  with,  that  of  men, 
it  is  now  their  right  to  receive  unqualified  recognition 
and  consideration  as  an  economic  factor,  and  their  work 
should  not  only  be  accorded  the  consideration  and  re- 
spect it  deserves,  but  insure  to  them  the  receipt  of  equal 
compensation  for  equal  services  performed. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  example  of  other  expo- 
sitions was  not  followed  in  requiring  manufacturers  to 
indicate  by  means  of  some  device  placed  upon  their 
exhibit,  what  proportion  or  percentage  was  "in  whole  or 
in  part  the  work  of  women,"  and  it  is  urged  that  this  be 
done  in  all  future  expositions,  large  and  small,  that  all 
who  are  interested  in  this  matter  may  ascertain  the 
special  industries  in  which  women  share,  and  which 


140  REPORT 

portion  of  them  they  perform,  and  such  record  be  avail- 
able at  all  times  as  statistical  information. 

In  selecting  the  jurors,  it  is  desirable  and  necessary 
that  the  most  careful  discrimination  be  used  in  order  to 
secure  the  best  and  most  skillful  women  to  represent 
each  special  department,  and  those  well  versed  in  the 
requisite  technical  knowledge. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  held  April  29,  1903, 
the  following  resolution  was  offered  by  Mrs.  Daniel 
Manning,  and  accepted  by  the  Board :  — 

RESOLVED,  First ,  —  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Awards  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  through  its  Chair- 
man or  otherwise,  to  ascertain  definitely  in  regard  to 
every  exhibit  in  the  Exposition,  whether  or  not  the  labor 
of  women  was  employed  in  its  production. 

Second,  —  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  Committee  to 
take  any  and  all  action  to  secure  and  appoint  competent 
Jurors  of  Awards  in  every  class  and  group  of  the  classi- 
fication where  woman's  labor  has  been  engaged  in  the 
production  of  any  articles  exhibited  therein. 

A  copy  of  this  resolution,  under  date  of  May  2,  was 
sent  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Local  Company,  and  the 
following  reply  received :  — 

ST.  Louis,  May  26,  1903. 

MADAM  PRESIDENT,  —  I  am  directed  by  President 
Francis  to  inform  you  that  the  resolutions  adopted  by 
the  Board  at  a  called  meeting  on  May  2,  1903,  with 
reference  to  participation  in  the  award  system,  has 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  141 

been  reported  upon  by  the  Director  of  Exhibits,  Mr. 
Skiff,  who  states  that  his  Division  has  taken  notice  of 
the  Resolution,  and  will,  in  due  time,  prepare  a  list  of 
those  exhibits  which  are  in  whole  or  in  part  the  labor 
of  women. 

Respectfully, 
(Signed)  W.  B.  STEVENS,  Secretary. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  held  in  the  Administration 
Building  March  1,  1904,  in  response  to  a  call  by  the 
President  for  a  report  from  the  Committee  on  Awards, 
Mrs.  Hanger,  Chairman  of  the  Committee,  said :  — 

This  Committee  was  named  by  Mrs.  Manning  after 
our  last  meeting  as  follows :  Mrs.  Hanger,  Mrs.  Knott, 
Miss  Egan,  Mrs.  Porter  and  Mrs.  Hunsicker.  I  hap- 
pened to  be  here  in  January  and  asked  Miss  Egan  to 
go  with  me  to  see  Mr.  Skiff.  We  waited  two  or  three 
hours  and  saw  Mr.  Skiff  about  fifteen  minutes.  It  had 
been  said  there  were  200  jurors  to  be  appointed,  and 
we  would  only  have  the  appointing  of  thirty-five  or  forty 
of  them.  He  assured  us  that  the  lists  could  not  be  made 
out  as  the  exhibits  were  not  installed.  He  gave  us  some 
instructions  in  regard  to  the  selection  of  jurors,  saying 
that  they  must  stand  for  intellectual  ability;  it  did  not 
matter  how  many  people  applied  for  appointment,  we 
must  be  governed  by  that. 

I  had  a  letter  from  Mrs.  Manning  suggesting  that 
I  try  again;  I  wrote  to  Mr.  Stevens,  and  he  communi- 
cated with  Mr.  Skiff,  and  later  repeated  to  me  the  same 
thing.  We  have  had  quite  a  number  of  names  suggested 
and  I  have  written  to  the  other  members  of  the  Com- 


142  REPORT 

mittee  asking  them  to  come  here  as  soon  as  the  exhibits 
are  in  place;  I  hope  we  can  hold  that  meeting  very 
early,  but  until  after  that  meeting,  I  do  not  feel  that  we 
have  anything  to  report. 

In  response  to  questions  from  members  of  the  Board 
as  to  whether  Mr.  Skiff  was  to  be  understood  to  mean 
that  there  were  but  thirty-five  or  forty  things  to  be  ex- 
hibited at  the  Exposition  which  were  made  in  whole  or 
in  part  by  women,  Mrs.  Hanger  said  that  Mr.  Skiff 
said  the  Board  "would  only  have  the  appointing  of 
thirty-five  or  forty  women." 

This  decision  was  a  source  of  great  disappointment 
to  the  Board,  as  it  has  been  shown  most  conclusively  that 
scarcely  anything  is  manufactured  that  women  do  not 
at  least  share  in  the  production  or  process  of  its  manu- 
facture. The  Act  of  Congress  stated  that  there  should 
be  appointed  by  this  Board  a  member  of  every  jury 
judging  "any  work  that  may  have  been  produced  in 
whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor,"  and  the  members 
were  averse  to  an  abridgement  of  the  authority  vested 
in  them  by  the  wording  of  the  Act. 

Expositions  are  a  natural  and  useful  factor  to  women 
in  that  by  their  means  new  avenues  of  employment 
that  are  constantly  being  opened  to  them  may  be  col- 
lectively demonstrated,  and  it  can  be  shown  in  which  of 
these  they  may  share  and  excel  or  be  most  successful, 
and  statistics  may  be  compiled  showing  the  proportion 
of  wages  that  women  receive  for  their  share  of  labor 
performed  equivalent  to  that  of  men,  and  other  helpful 
information  and  facts  procured  which  are  not  easily 
ascertained  by  other  means. 


RULES  FOR  MAKING  AWARDS        143 

The  Departments  of  Machinery,  Electricity,  Trans- 
portation Exhibits,  Forestry,  Mines  and  Metallurgy, 
Fish  and  Game,  and  Physical  Culture,  were  not  given 
representation  by  the  Exposition  Company  on  the 
Group  Juries  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers, and  while  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  all  of  these 
fields  have  been  invaded  by  women  as  assistant  workers, 
yet  evolution  and  progress  in  these  lines  are  necessarily 
slow  where  their  opportunities  have  not  been  com- 
mensurate with  those  of  men,  and  more  congenial  em- 
ployment is  undoubtedly  afforded  in  Education,  Art, 
Liberal  Arts,  Manufactures,  Agriculture,  Horticulture, 
Anthropology,  and  Social  Economy. 

The  "Special  Rules  and  Regulations  providing  for 
an  International  Jury  and  Governing  the  System  of 
Making  Awards,"  as  applicable  to  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  read  as  follows :  — 

The  total  number  of  jurors  in  the  International  Jury 
of  Awards  shall  be  approximately  two  per  centum  of 
the  total  number  of  exhibitors,  but  not  in  excess  of  that 
number,  and  each  nation  having  fifty  (50)  exhibitors,  or 
more,  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  on  the  Jury. 
The  number  of  jurors  for  each  art  or  industry,  and  for 
each  nationality  represented,  shall,  as  far  as  practicable, 
be  proportional  to  the  number  of  exhibitors  and  the 
importance  of  the  exhibits. 

Of  this  selected  body  of  International  Jurors,  three 
graded  juries  will  be  constituted:  One,  the  general 
organization  of  group  juries;  two,  department  juries; 
three,  a  superior  jury. 


144  REPORT 

Each  Group  Jury  shall  be  composed  of  jurors  and 
alternates. 

The  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company  shall 
certify  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  the  numbers  of 
groups  in  which  the  exhibits  have  been  produced  in 
whole,  or  in  part,  by  female  labor;  to  each  of  the  groups 
so  certified  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  may  appoint 
one  juror  and  one  alternate  to  that  juror;  such  ap- 
pointees, when  confirmed,  shall  have  the  privileges  and 
be  amenable  to  the  regulations  for  other  jurors  and 
alternates. 

Nominations  made  by  Chiefs  of  Departments,  and 
by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  Director  of  Exhibits,  and  when  approved  he  shall 
submit  them  to  the  President  of  the  Exposition  Com- 
pany. 

The  nomination  of  Group  jurors  and  alternates, 
when  approved  by  the  President  of  the  Exposition,  shall 
be  transmitted  to  the  President  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  Commission  for  the  approval  of  that 
body. 

The  work  of  the  Group  Juries  shall  begin  Septem- 
ber 1, 1904,  and  shall  be  completed  not  later  than  twenty 
days  thereafter. 

Examinations  or  other  work  not  completed  in  the 
time  specified  herein,  will  be  transferred  to  the  Depart- 
ment Jury. 

Each  Group  Jury  shall  carefully  examine  all  exhibits 
pertaining  to  the  group  to  which  it  has  been  assigned. 
It  shall  also  consider  and  pass  upon  the  merits  of  the 
collaborators  whose  work  may  be  conspicuous  in  the 
design,  development,  or  construction  of  the  exhibits. 


RULES  FOR  MAKING  AWARDS        145 

The  jury  shall  prepare  separate  lists,  presenting  the 
names  of  such  exhibitors  as  are  out  of  competition; 
awards  recommended  to  exhibitors  in  order  of  merit; 
awards  recommended  to  collaborators  in  order  of  merit; 
a  report  giving  an  account  of  the  most  important  objects 
exhibited  and  a  general  account  of  the  group  as  a  whole. 

Each  Department  Jury  shall  be  composed  of  the 
Chairmen  and  Vice-Chairmen  of  the  Group  Juries  of 
the  respective  Departments  with  one  member  of  the 
Directory  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Com- 
pany, to  be  named  by  the  President  of  the  Company, 
and  one  person  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers. 

Each  Department  Jury  shall  complete  its  organiza- 
tion and  begin  its  work  on  September  20,  1904. 

The  duties  of  these  juries  shall  be  to  consider  care- 
fully and  review  the  reports  of  the  Group  Juries;  to 
harmonize  any  differences  that  may  exist  between  the 
recommendations  of  the  several  Group  Juries  as  to 
awards,  and  to  adjust  all  awards  recommended  so  that 
they  will  be  consistent  with  the  Rules  and  Regulations. 

No  more  than  ten  days  may  be  devoted  to  this 
work,  and  when  the  awards  recommended  by  the  Group 
Juries  have  been  adjusted,  the  Department  Juries  shall, 
through  the  Chiefs  of  their  respective  Departments,  sub- 
mit their  findings  to  the  Director  of  Exhibits,  who 
shall,  within  five  days  after  the  receipt  thereof,  certify 
the  same  to  the  Superior  Jury,  including  such  work  as 
may  have  been  left  incomplete  by  the  Department  Jury. 

The  officers  and  members  of  the  Superior  Jury  shall 
be  as  follows :  President,  the  President  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition  Company;  First  Vice-President, 
the  Director  of  Exhibits;  Second  Vice-President,  a 


146  REPORT 

citizen  of  the  United  States  to  be  named  by  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase  Exposition  Commission.  The  members 
of  the  Jury  shall  further  consist  of  the  Commissioners- 
General  of  the  nine  foreign  countries  occupying  with 
exhibits  the  largest  amount  of  space  in  the  exhibit 
palaces ;  the  Chairmen  and  First  Vice-Chairmen  of  the 
Department  Juries;  the  Chiefs  of  the  Exhibit  Depart- 
ments; and  one  person  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers. 

The  Superior  Jury  shall  determine  finally  and  fully 
the  awards  to  be  made  to  exhibitors  and  collaborators 
in  all  cases  that  are  formally  presented  for  its  considera- 
tion. 

For  the  purpose  of  installation  and  review  of  exhibits 
and  the  conduct  of  the  system  of  awards,  a  classifica- 
tion was  adopted  which  was  divided  into  fifteen  de- 
partments, which  were  divided  into  144  groups,  which 
in  turn  were  sub-divided  into  807  classes.  They  will 
show  that,  while  many  of  the  groups  and  classes  are 
not  wholly  suited  to  the  requirements  of  woman's  work, 
yet  all  products  of  female  labor  can  be  properly  classed 
in  these  departments,  and  that  there  are  extremely  few 
occupations  in  which  man  is  engaged  in  which  woman 
cannot  and  does  not  also  work. 

At  a  meeting  held  on  May  9,  1904,  the  Committee  to 
present  nominations  for  Superior  Jury  announced  the 
names  of  Mrs.  Eliza  Eads  How,  Mrs.  Philip  N.  Moore, 
Mrs.  Thomas  N.  Niedringhaus,  and  Miss  Mary  E. 
Perry.  On  ballot,  the  result  was  the  election  of  Mrs. 
Philip  N.  Moore,  of  St.  Louis,  with  Mrs.  Eliza  Eads 
How,  of  the  same  city,  as  alternate. 


EXHIBITS  OF  WOMEN'S  WORK       147 

In  order  to  arrive  at  some  conclusion  in  regard  to  the 
representation  of  women  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  and  to  gain  some  knowledge  of  the  extent 
of  her  participation  in  exhibits,  the  following  questions 
were  addressed  to  the  jurors  appointed  by  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers.  They  were  not  designed  to  be  more 
than  suggestive,  as,  of  course,  in  some  instances  hardly 
more  than  one  or  two  would  apply  to  a  given  Depart- 
ment. They  were  based  on  the  rules  and  regulations, 
however,  by  which  awards  were  issued. 

The  Department  of at  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition,  in  which  you  were  a  Juror  in  Group 

,  contained Groups  and Classes 

within  the  Groups.  Can  you  give  an  approximate  es- 
timate of  the  proportional  number  of  exhibits  by  women 
contained  in  these  classes  ? 

Please  give  the  nature  of  the  exhibits  by  women 
(or  articles  exhibited  by  them)  in  your  Department, 
Group  and  Classes. 

Which  in  your  opinion,  were  the  most  striking  ex- 
hibits by  women  in  your  Department? 

What  advancement  did  they  show  in  the  progress  of 
women  in  any  special  industry,  art,  science,  etc.  ? 

What  proportion,  or  approximately,  what  number, 
of  exhibits  were  installed  by  foreign  women  ? 

Was  any  display  made  that  would  lead  you  to 
think  that  women  were  now  capable  of  executing  un- 
usual or  more  creditable  work  than  they  accomplished 
eleven  years  ago  (at  the  time  of  the  Chicago  Exposition) 
or  at  any  time  in  the  past? 

In  what  way  did  their  work  (or  exhibits)  differ  from 
their  work  (or  exhibits)  of  the  past  ? 


148  REPORT 

Would  their  work,  as  shown  at  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition,  where  it  was  placed  on  equal  terms 
of  comparison  with  that  of  men,  prove  helpful  or  sug- 
gestive to  those  interested  in  the  advancement  and  success 
of  women's  work?  If  so,  how? 

Was  the  work  of  women  as  well  appreciated  when 
placed  by  the  side  of  that  of  men  ? 

Would  the  results  have  been  better  if  their  work 
had  been  separately  exhibited? 

If  you  have  attended  previous  expositions,  please  com- 
pare the  exhibits  of  the  work  of  women  shown  in  them, 
with  those  shown  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

Were  any  manufacturers  asked  (to  your  knowledge) 
to  state  the  percentage  of  woman's  work  which  entered 
into  the  manufacture  of  their  special  exhibits  ? 

Were  they  shown  in  such  manner  as  to  indicate  in 
any  way,  or  to  enable  you  to  distinguish,  which  part 
had  been  performed  by  women  —  which  by  men  ? 

In  your  opinion,  what  proportion  of  the  work  was 
performed  by  women,  as  compared  with  that  performed 
by  men,  in  the  groups  and  classes  that  came  under 
your  supervision  ? 

What  proportion  of  women  received  awards  in  your 
group  or  classes  ? 

Was  any  new  or  useful  or  distinctive  invention  or 
process  shown  as  the  work  of  women,  or  special  work 
of  their  art  or  handicraft  exhibited  in  your  department  ? 
If  so,  please  specify. 

What  can  you  say  of  the  skill  and  ingenuity  dis- 
played in  the  invention,  construction,  or  application  ? 

Were  any  of  the  exhibits  of  women  developments  of 
original  inventions,  or  an  improvement  on  the  work  of 
some  prior  inventor? 


EXHIBITS  OF  WOMEN'S  WORK        149 

What  was  the  value  of  the  product,  process,  machine 
or  device,  as  measured  by  its  usefulness  or  beneficent 
influence  on  mankind,  in  its  physical,  mental,  moral 
or  educational  aspects  ? 

What  of  the  merits  of  the  installation  as  to  the  in- 
genuity and  taste  displayed,  and  its  value  as  an  Expo- 
sition attraction? 

Did  any  new  avenues  of  employment  appear  to  be 
opened  for  women  as  shown  by  their  exhibits  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  in  the  arts,  sciences, 
industries,  etc.  ?  If  so,  to  what  extent  ?  What  is  their 
value  ? 

In  which  of  these  will  their  work  be  of  the  most 
distinct  value  by  reason  of  the  natural  adaptability, 
sensitive  or  artistic  temperaments  and  individual  tastes 
of  women  ? 

In  your  opinion,  what  education  will  best  enable 
women  to  enjoy  the  wider  opportunities  awaiting  them 
and  make  their  work  of  the  greatest  worth,  not  only  to 
themselves  but  to  the  world  as  evidenced  by  their  work 
at  the  Exposition  ? 

REMARKS:  Give  any  information,  or  make  any 
statement  you  may  think  of  interest  in  regard  to  the 
part  taken  by  women  as  shown  by  their  work  or  ex- 
hibits at  the  Exposition,  and  the  beneficial  results 
to  be  derived  by  women  in  general  by  reason  of 
their  representation  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion. 


REPORTS  OF  GROUP   JURORS 

Department  A,  Education,  of  which  Dr.  Howard  J. 
Rogers  was  Chief,  comprised  8  groups  and  26  classes, 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  being  represented  in  six 
of  the  eight  groups. 

Group  1,  Miss  Anna  Tolman  Smith,  of  the  Bureau  of 

Education,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Juror. 
Under  the  Group  heading  of  "Elementary  Educa- 
tion," the  four  classes  into  which  it  was  divided,  repre- 
sented Kindergarten,  Elementary  grades,  Training 
and  certification  of  teachers,  Continuation  schools, 
including  evening  schools,  vacation  schools,  and  schools 
for  special  training.  (Legislation,  organization,  general 
statistics.  School  supervision  and  school  management. 
Buildings:  plans,  models;  school  hygiene.  Methods 
of  instructions;  results  obtained.) 

In  a  letter  Miss  Smith  says :  — 

The  Chairmanship  which  I  held  in  the  Group  Jury 
was  that  of  the  committee  on  the  report  of  the  jury 
formed  to  prepare  a  survey  of  the  material  presented  to 
the  attention  of  the  Group  to  serve  as  an  introduction 
to  the  secretary's  minutes.  Owing  to  circumstances  the 
committee  were  unable  to  work  as  a  whole  on  the  report 
and  it  became  consequently  the  sole  work  of  the  chair- 
man. I  mention  this  fact  because  it  illustrates  the 
equality  of  service  as  between  men  and  women  in  the 
Jury  of  Group  1. 


GROUP  JURORS  151 

Miss  Smith's  report  is  as  follows :  — 

WOMEN'S      WORK      IN    THE     EDUCATIONAL     EXHIBITS 
LOUISIANA  PURCHASE   EXPOSITION 

To  the  President  and  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  Louis- 
iana Purchase  Exposition. 

LADIES,  —  With  respect  to  the  exhibits  at  St.  Louis 
upon  which  the  Jury  on  Elementary  Education  (Group 
1)  were  appointed  to  pass  judgment,  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  discriminate  between  the  work  of  men  and 
women  as  therein  illustrated. 

These  exhibits  comprised  first  and  chiefly  the  work 
of  pupils;  second,  photographs  and  models  illustrating 
school  architecture,  school  appliances,  and  school  life; 
third,  statistical  charts  and  reports  pertaining  to  the 
administrative  work  of  school  systems. 

The  great  bulk  of  the  material  in  these  exhibits 
belonged  to  the  first  of  the  three  divisions  specified 
above.  Since  very  nearly  three  fourths  of  the  teachers 
in  the  public  elementary  schools  of  the  United  States 
are  women,  it  is  obvious  that  the  greater  proportion 
of  the  pupils'  work  exhibited  was  the  direct  outcome  of 
the  efforts  of  women  teachers. 

In  the  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central  Divisions  of 
our  country  the  proportion  of  women  teachers  is  much 
smaller  than  in  the  whole  country;  in  the  divisions 
named  they  form  only  a  little  more  than  one  half  the 
whole  teaching  force,  but  so  far  as  they  were  represented 
no  difference  was  made  between  the  work  of  men  and 
women  as  exhibited  in  the  section  here  considered,  nor 
was  there  any  difference  in  the  mode  of  estimating  the 
work. 


152  REPORT 

The  second  class  of  material  mentioned,  i.  e.,  photo- 
graphic views  and  models,  was  largely  the  work  of  ex- 
perts, artists  and  craftsmen,  employed  for  the  purpose. 
It  would  be  impossible  to  determine  the  relative  pro- 
portion of  men  and  women  contributing,  although  it  is 
probable  that  the  former  were  in  excess.  It  should  be 
observed,  however,  that  many  very  interesting  devices 
for  teaching  children,  many  suggestive  modifications 
of  kindergarten  material  and  exercises,  and  many  ex- 
cellent photographs  showing  classes  at  work,  were 
executed  by  women.  The  great  skill  and  admirable 
system  attained  by  women  teachers  in  the  preparation 
of  material  for  teaching  the  sciences  to  children  were 
illustrated  in  a  very  graphic  manner  by  the  exhibits  of 
normal  schools,  such  as  those  of  Massachusetts  and  the 
State  Normal  School  of  Rhode  Island. 

The  third  class  of  'material  named,  i.  e.,  that  per- 
taining to  school  administration  —  chiefly  in  the  form 
of  statistical  charts  and  reports  —  was  the  work  of 
school  superintendents  and  their  clerical  force,  in  which 
branch  of  the  school  service  comparatively  few  women 
are  engaged. 

The  mode  of  installation  formed  a  striking  feature 
in  the  case  of  many  of  the  systems  of  public  schools 
exhibited  at  St.  Louis.  The  highest  results  were  achieved 
where  the  plan  of  the  exhibit  had  been  carefully  worked 
out  with  full  regard  to  aesthetic  effect  and  educational 
significance.  In  the  formation  of  these  plans  women 
had  very  largely  participated,  and  in  one  instance, 
namely,  that  of  the  Minnesota  educational  exhibit,  the 
entire  installation  was  planned  and  carried  to  success- 
ful completion  by  a  woman.  This  exhibit  was  ranked 


GROUP   JURORS  153 

in  the  first  class  for  the  unity  of  its  plan,  the  complete- 
ness with  which  it  set  forth  the  educational  provision  in 
every  part  of  the  state,  and  its  aesthetic  finish.  In  judg- 
ing of  exhibits,  the  person  who  planned  and  organized 
the  exhibit  was  regarded  as  a  collaborator,  and  to  Miss 
S.  E.  Sirwell,  the  collaborator  in  this  instance,  the  high- 
est award  allowable  was  adjudged  by  the  Jury  of  Group 
1,  a  distinction  which  was  conferred  upon  very  few 
individuals. 

The  exhibit  of  the  public  school  system  of  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  which  was  universally  admired,  owed  its  chief 
decorative  effect  to  the  artistic  skill  of  Miss  M.  R. 
Garesche,  who  composed  and  executed  a  series  of  six- 
teen transparent  paintings  representing  a  history  of  edu- 
cation. These  pictures  formed  a  succession  of  brilliant 
panels  on  the  external  side  of  the  fa9ade,  and  for  this 
unique  work  a  gold  medal  was  awarded  to  Miss  Garesche. 

Mention  should  also  be  made  of  a  very  interesting 
series  of  paintings  by  Miss  Florence  Hedleston,  of 
Oxford,  Miss.,  representing  all  the  wild  flowers  of  that 
state,  an  exhibit  which  excited  much  attention  both  for 
its  artistic  excellence  and  its  usefulness  in  teaching  the 
native  flora. 

The  exhibit  of  New  York  City  afforded  many  strik- 
ing examples  of  the  ingenuity  and  progressive  spirit 
of  women  teachers.  The  public  school  system  of  this 
city  has  had  marked  development  on  what  may  be 
called  the  sociologic  or  philanthropic  side,  and  in  this 
development  which  was  graphically  illustrated  in  the 
educational  exhibit,  women  teachers  have  borne  a  very 
important  part.  It  is,  however,  impossible  here  to  par- 
ticularize as  to  their  work  in  this  respect. 


154  REPORT 

The  external  side  of  the  New  York  City  booth  in 
the  Education  Building  was  utilized  for  the  exhibit 
of  the  Woman's  School  of  Design.  The  exhibit  con- 
sisted of  a  remarkable  collection  of  original  designs, 
which  with  one  or  two  exceptions  were  purchased  by 
manufacturing  firms  as  they  stood  on  the  wall.  Al- 
though this  work  did  not  come  within  the  scope  of  the 
Jury  of  Group  1,  I  mention  it  here  to  emphasize  the 
fact  that  the  exhibits  of  art  schools  in  the  Education 
Building  showed  very  remarkable  progress  on  the  part 
of  women  in  the  art  of  designing. 

This  survey  has  been  confined  almost  entirely  to 
the  exhibits  of  the  United  States.  It  need  hardly  be 
said  that  in  no  foreign  country  do  women  play  so  im- 
portant a  part  in  education,  and  on  account  of  the 
mode  of  installation  it  would  have  been  impossible  to 
distinguish  between  their  work  and  that  of  men  in  the 
foreign  exhibits.  Mention  may,  however,  be  made  of 
the  fact  that  the  exhibits  of  French  industrial  schools 
for  girls  and  of  the  French  lycees  for  girls,  which  were 
of  a  very  high  order,  were  substantially  the  work  of 
women.  In  the  Swedish  section  there  was  a  very 
admirable  exhibit  of  secondary  schools  for  girls  and 
coeducational  schools  which  had  been  planned  and 
installed  by  Miss  Mathilda  Widegren.  In  the  English 
section  were  shown  very  remarkable  specimens  of  art 
work  in  jewelry  and  silver  repousse*  designed  and  ex- 
ecuted by  women  students.  As  the  foreign  exhibits 
specified  did  not  come  under  the  Jury  of  Group  1,  I 
am  unable  to  report  the  awards  which  they  received. 

The  increasing  recognition  of  the  value  of  women's 
services  is  indicated  by  the  increase  in  the  proportion 


GROUP  JURORS  155 

of  women  called  to  serve  upon  exposition  juries.  The 
Jury  of  Group  1  included  three  women,  of  whom  two 
were  foreigners,  namely,  Miss  Elizabeth  Fischer,  a 
teacher  from  Halle,  Germany,  and  Miss  Mathilda 
Widegren,  associate  principal  of  a  private  school  in 
Sweden.  These  three  members  were  all  women  of  great 
experience  in  the  matters  with  respect  to  which  they 
were  called  to  judge,  and  their  abilities  were  most 
cordially  and  heartily  recognized  by  their  colleagues. 
Indeed,  in  view  of  the  place  in  education  which  is  now 
accorded  to  women  in  our  own  country  and  in  the 
leading  countries  of  Europe,  I  should  unhesitatingly 
say  that  it  is  for  the  advantage  of  women  and  of  society 
in  general  that  their  work  should  not  be  separately 
exhibited,  but  should  rather  form  an  integral  part  of 
a  collective  exhibit.  This  principle,  indeed,  might  not 
apply  to  certain  specialties  which  have  heretofore  been 
exclusively  or  almost  exclusively  practiced  by  men,  or 
which  (like  artistic  needlework)  have  a  particularly 
feminine  character. 

ANNA  TOLMAN  SMITH, 
Member  of  the  International  Jury,  Group  1. 

BOARD  OF  EDUCATION, 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

As  Chairman  of  the  Committee  to  report  on  the 
work  of  the  Jury,  Miss  Smith  writes :  — 


REPORT  OF  A  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  JURY  OF   GROUP  1 

The  material  presented  for  the  consideration  of  the 
jury  of   Group  1  (Elementary  Education)  comprised 


156  REPORT 

on  the  part  of  the  United  States  the  exhibit  of  public 
education  as  organized  in  thirty-four  states  and  terri- 
tories, in  six  cities  (presented  as  separate  units)  and 
in  fifteen  foreign  countries.  In  number,  extent,  and 
complexity,  these  exhibits  surpassed  all  previous  col- 
lections of  the  kind;  the  separate  entries  ran  up  into 
the  thousands,  representing  for  the  most  part  such 
important  collections  as  the  exhibits  of  cities,  counties, 
and  groups  of  rural  schools,  all  deserving  careful  at- 
tention. 

The  examination  of  this  material  in  the  brief  time 
allowed  (twenty  days)  was  a  severe  task,  and  would 
have  been  impossible  but  for  the  circumstance  that, 
with  two  exceptions,  the  exhibits  were  all  placed  in 
one  building.  For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  expo- 
sitions, the  chief  collective  activity  of  civilized  peoples 
was  honored  by  an  edifice  planned  and  erected  for 
itself  alone.  This  concentration  of  the  material  under 
the  general  direction  of  an  experienced  and  able  chief, 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  arrangements  and  of 
unfailing  courtesy  and  helpfulness,  alone  brought  the 
work  assigned  the  jury  of  Group  1  within  the  bounds 
of  possible  achievement.  Their  efforts  were  furthered 
also  by  the  expert  qualification  of  each  and  every  mem- 
ber of  the  group,  by  the  system  and  perfect  harmony 
in  which  they  worked,  and  by  the  exceptional  ability 
of  their  official  staff,  — Chairman,  Dr.  E.  O.  Lyte;  Vice- 
Chairman,  Mr.  B.  Buisson  (representing  the  French 
Government);  Secretary,  Mr.  Morales  de  Los  Rios, 
representing  the  Cuban  Government. 

The  details  of  the  group  organization  are  shown  by 
the  minutes  of  the  Secretary,  which  also  present  a  full 


GROUP  JURORS  157 

record  of  its  daily  action  and  findings.  It  remains  here 
only  to  speak  of  salient  features  of  this  particular  division 
of  the  Exposition,  whose  effects  cannot  be  indicated  nor 
estimated  by  any  system  of  awards. 

The  installations  of  the  various  exhibits  had  been 
carefully  planned,  and  were  as  a  rule  effective,  and  in 
many  cases  extremely  beautiful.  The  United  States 
has  made  notable  progress  in  this  respect  since  the 
Chicago  Exposition  of  1893,  and  even  since  the  Paris 
Exposition  in  1900,  and  in  the  present  Exposition  sev- 
eral of  our  states  and  cities  offer  fine  models  of  the 
exhibitors'  art.  This  is  the  case  especially  with  Mis- 
souri and  St.  Louis;  the  latter  in  particular  has  real- 
ized the  double  purpose  of  challenging  popular  atten- 
tion and  satisfying  critical  taste.  The  art  of  effective 
exposition,  whether  worked  out  with  noble  simplicity 
or  rich  decorative  accessories,  requires  on  the  one  hand 
intelligent  selection  and  coordination  of  the  material, 
and  on  the  other,  skill  in  the  treatment  of  space  and 
artistic  elements.  No  small  part  of  the  value  of  an 
educational  exhibit  lies  in  its  aesthetic  quality,  since 
this  reveals  not  less  clearly  than  the  methods  and  re- 
sults of  school  training  the  inherent  genius  of  a  people. 
This  International  Exposition  has  been  rich  in  this 
quality,  on  account  both  of  the  number  of  different 
nations  participating  and  the  care  taken  by  each  to 
give  distinctive  character  to  its  display.  This  is  marked 
in  the  exhibits  of  Elementary  Education,  which  in 
nearly  all  European  countries  forms  a  complete  whole, 
distinct  from  other  grades  and  having  the  definite 
purpose  of  maintaining  an  established  social  order 
or  national  type  through  the  intellectual,  manual,  and 


158  REPORT 

artistic  training  of  the  masses.  The  presentation  of  ele- 
mentary education  as  an  independent  unit  indeed  well 
accords  with  the  conditions  in  nearly  all  countries 
excepting  our  own.  Elsewhere,  as  a  rule,  elementary 
education  forms  a  complete  system  having  its  separate 
administration,  purposes,  and  ideals.  In  this  respect 
the  United  States  presents  a  notable  contrast  to  the 
chief  countries  of  the  Old  World  and  one  strikingly 
illustrated  in  this  Exposition.  In  our  own  country, 
education  is  conceived  as  an  integral  process  steadily 
developing  from  the  kindergarten  to  the  University; 
to  this  conception  corresponds  the  sequence  of  ele- 
mentary and  high  schools  united  under  a  common 
administration  and  by  close  scholastic  bonds.  Hence, 
a  measure  of  violence  is  done  both  to  elementary  and 
secondary  education  as  here  organized  by  the  endea- 
vor to  view  them  separately.  On  the  other  hand,  a  por- 
tion of  the  elementary  education  of  foreign  countries, 
notably  of  France  and  Germany,  does  not  enter  at  all 
into  the  sum  total  of  the  impressions  recorded  by  the 
jury  of  either  group  because  of  the  social  distinctions 
that  underlie  in  those  countries  the  classification  of 
schools  as  elementary  and  secondary.  These  anomalous 
conditions  affect  particularly  the  classification  and 
judgment  of  the  various  agencies  for  the  training  of 
teachers  (that  is,  Normal  Schools,  teachers'  training- 
colleges  and  auxiliary  agencies,  such  as  normal  classes 
in  academies  or  other  secondary  schools,  teachers'  in- 
stitutes, etc.).  In  the  chief  foreign  countries  profes- 
sional schools  of  this  kind  are  easily  classified  by  virtue 
of  their  administrative  relations,  but  in  our  own  coun- 
try the  different  orders  of  pedagogical  training  merge 


GROUP  JURORS  159 

into  each  other  almost  imperceptibly,  because  they  are 
all  based  upon  the  same  fundamental  conception  of 
the  teaching  profession. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that 
the  exhibit  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  has  avoided 
all  confusion  by  the  selection  of  the  characteristic 
features  of  particular  schools  or  of  processes  that  have 
worked  well  in  certain  communities,  or  pupil  and 
class  work  of  special  significance.  This  mode  of  ex- 
hibition accords  perfectly  with  the  private  character 
of  a  large  proportion  of  the  schools  of  all  orders  in 
England,  and  with  the  local  independence  throughout 
the  Kingdom.  It  results  that  this  exhibit  has  greater 
emphasis  upon  typical  and  essential  things  than  any 
other  in  the  collection;  in  this  respect  it  is  most  nearly 
approached  by  Massachusetts  among  our  own  states. 

The  confusion  arising  from  differences  in  classi- 
fication already  referred  to,  which  imply  also  more 
radical  differences  in  opinion  and  practice,  has  led  one 
of  the  most  acute  minds  among  our  foreign  colleagues 
to  express  the  hope  that  one  of  the  permanent  results  of 
this  Exposition  may  be  an  effort  toward  international 
unity,  or  at  least  agreement  in  respect  to  classification 
and  nomenclature.  Undoubtedly,  such  agreement  would 
promote  the  great  purpose  of  international  compari- 
sons which  is  to  enable  each  nation  to  benefit  by  the 
experience  of  every  other. 

In  addition  to  the  broad  distinctions  between  na- 
tional systems  as  here  indicated,  there  are  also  dis- 
closed by  the  exhibits  striking  differences  in  the  spirit 
and  methods  of  instruction.  In  France  the  teaching  is 
logical  and  analytical,  the  stress  of  pedagogical  train- 


160  REPORT 

ing  in  that  country  is  upon  the  treatment  of  subjects 
and  the  abiding  effects  of  that  training  are  seen  in  the 
theses  by  teachers  and  by  school  inspectors  (the  latter 
all  men  of  professional  training),  which  form  a  very 
interesting  and  instructive  part  of  the  exhibit  of  that 
country.  The  analytical  principle  is  maintained  in  the 
manual  training,  which,  as  shown  by  the  examples 
presented,  consists  of  a  graded  series  of  exercises  upon 
the  elements  that  enter  into  simple  constructions.  Ger- 
many adheres  more  closely  to  the  authoritative  method 
of  instruction,  a  fact  plainly  shown  by  the  photographs 
of  classes  in  which  every  child  seemed  listening  with 
breathless  attention  to  the  word  of  the  teacher.  From 
the  photographic  displays  one  would  readily  infer  that 
in  our  own  country  the  emphasis  of  class  exercises  is 
upon  the  activity  of  the  pupil;  in  Germany  upon  the 
personality  of  the  teacher. 

The  importance  of  photographs  in  an  educational 
exhibit  was  never  so  manifest  as  in  the  present  Expo- 
sition. By  this  means  may  be  shown  at  a  glance  the 
equipment  of  schools  and  even  the  actual  conduct  of 
class  instruction,  and  the  mind  distracted  by  the  end- 
less succession  of  written  work,  drawings,  etc.,  is  thus 
reinforced  by  total  impressions  or  images.  This  Expo- 
sition surpassed  all  others  in  the  extent,  effectiveness, 
and  beauty  of  the  photographic  displays  and  the  value 
of  the  statistical  charts  presented.  So  full  and  graphic 
were  these  statistical  summaries  from  all  the  principal 
countries  that  individual  mention  would  be  invidious. 
The  jury,  however,  will  never  forget  the  display  of 
charts  and  diagrams  by  Japan,  since  they  revealed  in 
a  universal  language  the  status,  organization,  and  won- 


GROUP  JURORS  161 

derful  progress  of  education  in  that  country,  whose 
effect  must  otherwise  have  been  lost  in  the  mysteries 
of  an  unknown  tongue. 

Those  who  recall  the  Centennial  Exposition  at  Phil- 
adelphia must  be  struck  with  the  progress  made  by  our 
states  and  cities  and  even  by  the  individual  colleges 
toward  uniform  statistical  schemes.  The  impulse  to 
this  important  result  came  undoubtedly  from  the  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  Education,  whose  statistical  representation 
of  education  in  this  country,  current  and  retrospective,  is 
one  of  the  most  valuable  features  of  the  entire  exposition. 
As  this  material,  however,  is  placed  in  the  Government 
Building,  its  consideration  does  not  come  within  the 
province  of  the  regular  juries. 

By  means  of  the  two  media,  photographs  and  statis- 
tics, a  very  complete  representation  of  a  school  system  is 
possible  with  great  economy  of  space  and  special  regard 
to  essential  particulars.  The  extensive  exhibits  of  pupils' 
work  from  our  own  schools  show  remarkable  similarity 
in  methods  and  results  throughout  the  country;  this 
similarity  extends  even  to  the  rural  schools,  which  in 
the  case  of  some  particular  districts  present  work  well 
up  to  the  average  of  neighboring  cities.  There  are  also 
signs  that  the  rage  for  "newness"  has  subsided;  the 
work  shows  closer  sequence  and  more  systematic  treat- 
ment of  subjects  than  that  exhibited  at  Paris.  Corre- 
lation, for  instance,  is  not  so  promiscuously  applied, 
but  limited  to  subjects  whose  relations  are  obvious,  as 
geography  and  history,  etc. 

The  impulses  toward  nature  as  the  inspiring  mo- 
tive in  art  instruction  and  toward  social  activities  as 
factors  in  school  training  have  been  felt  in  other  couh- 


162  REPORT 

tries  than  our  own.  Germany  has  replaced  the  con- 
ventional art  instruction  by  a  system  based  upon  the 
study  of  natural  forms,  growths,  and  coloring,  and  Bel- 
gium presents  a  remarkable  object-lesson  in  the  use  of 
local  products  and  industries  in  a  progressive  scheme 
of  practical  instruction.  The  skill  with  which  Sweden 
has  reduced  domestic  art  and  Sloyd  to  pedagogic 
form  was  already  well  known  in  this  country,  but  it 
has  excited  new  interest  by  its  presentation  here  in 
one  of  the  most  admirably  systematized  and  suggest- 
ive exhibits  in  the  collection. 

School  architecture  forms  an  impressive  feature  of 
many  of  the  exhibits.  Germany  has  made  a  very  full 
presentation  under  this  head  by  means  of  photographs, 
plans,  and  complete  models.  Argentina  has  an  un- 
rivaled collection  of  photographs  showing  palatial  school 
buildings  of  noble  design  and  well-planned  interiors.  In 
this  connection  may  be  mentioned  a  device  of  a  portable 
schoolhouse  for  use  in  congested  city  districts  pending 
the  erection  of  permanent  buildings.  The  models  shown 
were  from  St.  Louis  and  Milwaukee. 

The  great  movements  now  in  progress  in  our  coun- 
try as  indicated  by  the  exhibits,  are,  in  the  states  at 
large,  the  improvements  of  the  rural  schools  particu- 
larly by  the  consolidation  of  small  schools  and  the 
grading  of  the  resulting  central  school,  as  graphically 
shown  by  Indiana  and  the  creation  of  township  or 
county  high  schools,  as  in  Pennsylvania  and  Kansas. 

In  cities  the  most  important  movements  relate  to 
the  physical  development  of  the  young,  and  the  use 
of  the  school  machinery  for  the  benefit  of  persons  be- 
yond the  limit  of  school  age  by  means  of  evening  schools, 


GROUP  JURORS  163 

or  outside  the  appointed  school  hours  by  means  of 
vacation  schools  and  recreation  centres.  The  most 
extensive  work  along  these  lines  is  going  on  in  New  York 
City  and  formed  one  of  the  most  instructive  features  of 
the  exhibit  of  this  great  metropolis. 

A  beginning  of  continuation  schools  for  the  people 
is  seen  also  in  the  county  agricultural  school  included 
in  the  Wisconsin  exhibit.  Schools  of  this  type  form 
a  prominent  feature  of  the  German  exhibit,  and  con- 
stitute for  us,  at  this  time,  the  most  important  lesson 
of  that  comprehensive  Exposition.  Apart  from  the 
educational  lessons,  which  possibly  only  appeal  to 
specialists,  this  Exposition  marks  distinct  steps  in  the 
realization  of  the  chief  end  of  educational  exhibits, 
—  namely,  the  increase  of  popular  interest  in  ideal  pur- 
poses through  their  effective  symbolic  representation. 
(Signed)  ANNA  TOLMAN  SMITH, 

Chairman  of  the  Committee. 

Group   2,  Miss  Anna   G.  MacDougal,  Chicago,  111., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Secondary  Education," 
the  two  classes  into  which  it  was  divided,  represented: 
High  schools  and  academies;  manual  training  high 
schools,  commercial  high  schools.  Training  and  certi- 
fication of  teachers.  (Legislation,  organization,  statis- 
tics. Buildings:  Plans  and  models.  Supervision,  manage- 
ment, methods  of  instruction;  results  obtained.) 

Miss  MacDougal's  report  is  as  follows :  — 

Study  of  the  world's  work  as  displayed  at  the  St. 
Louis  Exposition  revealed  the  truth  that  to-day  there 


164  REPORT 

is  no  clear  line  of  demarcation  between  the  work  of 
men  and  of  women.  The  product  of  woman's  brain  or 
of  her  hand  was  there  placed  side  by  side  with  the 
similar  work  of  man,  to  be  judged  upon  its  merits,  not 
by  a  standard  suggested  by  limitation  and  apology. 
Such  a  cataloguing  was  the  surest  evidence  of  woman's 
industrial  progress.  Her  part  in  art,  literature,  music, 
—  the  decorative  side  of  life,  —  has  long  been  granted ; 
what  she  is  capable  of  doing  in  the  practical  business 
enterprises  of  modern  society  is  just  beginning  to  be 
revealed.  My  opportunity  for  observing  this  phase  of 
woman's  work  was  largely  confined  to  the  Educational 
exhibits,  where  I  had  the  pleasure  of  serving  as  a  juror, 
by  appointment  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  Owing 
to  the  character  of  the  exhibits  in  the  Department  of 
Education,  it  was  impossible  to  differentiate  the  work 
of  the  men  and  the  women  teachers,  excepting  where 
the  exhibits  showed  the  work  of  separate  institutions 
for  the  sexes.  A  comparison  of  that  kind  would  be 
profitable  only  from  a  pedagogical  point  of  view,  and 
is  of  minor  consideration  in  our  American  system  of 
education.  Woman's  place  in  the  schoolroom  is  de- 
fended by  tradition,  expediency,  and  merit;  and  in- 
stead of  surrendering,  in  the  face  of  foreign  criticism, 
their  positions  as  instructors,  women  teachers  are 
to-day  broadening  their  field  of  labor  by  serving  as 
instructors  in  many  higher  institutions  where  a  gen- 
eration since  they  were  not  even  admitted  as  students. 
To-day,  in  high  schools,  academies,  and  colleges, 
women  not  only  share  in  the  work  of  instruction,  but 
fill  offices  of  administration  as  well. 

Woman's    success    in    a    purely   administrative  or 


GROUP  JURORS  165 

executive  function  was  what  proved  most  interesting 
at  St.  Louis.  Many  of  the  State  exhibits  of  the  public 
schools  were  in  charge  of  women.  In  each  instance  I 
found  them  well  informed  on  questions  of  school  sta- 
tistics, and  eager  to  be  helpful  to  visitors.  It  seemed 
as  though  these  young  women  felt  the  distinction  of 
serving  in  a  public  capacity,  and  had  taken  pains  to 
prepare  themselves  for  a  creditable  performance.  The 
most  striking  instance  of  independent  and  original 
work  was  shown  in  the  State  exhibit  from  Minnesota. 
This  exhibit  was  under  the  sole  charge  of  Miss  Susanne 
Sirwell,  who  planned  it  with  the  main  purpose  of  ex- 
ploiting the  complete  system  of  manual  training  adopted 
in  the  Minnesota  schools.  With  this  plan  in  view,  Miss 
Sirwell  collected  the  specimens  from  various  schools 
of  the  State,  supervised  the  erection  of  the  booth,  and 
installed  the  displays.  As  a  result  the  Minnesota  ex- 
hibit had  a  distinct  system  and  unity,  was  free  from 
useless  and  cumbrous  repetition,  its  main  idea  was 
readily  grasped,  and  it  stood  as  a  memorable  proof  of 
one  woman's  artistic  sense  of  proportion  and  adequacy. 
It  was  original  in  conception;  it  had  beauty  of  color, 
order,  and  arrangement;  and,  as  Miss  Sirwell  herself 
laughingly  boasted,  it  was  one  of  the  two  or  three 
exhibits  in  that  huge  building  which  were  ready  and 
finished  for  public  inspection  on  the  opening  day  of 
the  Fair. 

Group  3,  Miss  Mary  Boyce  Temple,  Knoxville,  Tenn., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Higher  Education,"  tfye 
five  classes,  into  which  it  was   divided,  represented: 


166  REPORT 

Colleges  and  universities;  Scientific,  technical  and  en- 
gineering schools  and  institutions.  Professional  schools. 
Libraries.  Museums.  (Legislation,  organization,  sta- 
tistics. Buildings :  plans  and  models.  Curriculums,  regu- 
lations, methods,  administration,  investigations,  etc.) 

Miss  Temple  reports  as  follows :  — 

The  Educational  Department  at  the  World's  Fair 
in  St.  Louis  presented  greater  progress  in  woman's 
work,  since  the  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893,  than 
was  shown  by  any  other  great  division  at  the  Expo- 
sition. 

In  regard  to  an  approximate  estimate  of  the  pro- 
portional number  of  exhibits  by  women  in  the  five 
classes  of  Group  3  (Higher  Education)  of  the  Educa- 
tional Department,  I  would  say  that  only  in  the  cases 
of  the  several  large  female  colleges  which  installed 
exhibits  at  the  Fair  were  there  special  women's  ex- 
hibits distinct  from  those  of  men.  In  the  United  States 
section  valuable  and  important  displays  were  made  by 
Vassar,  Bryn  Mawr,  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore, 
Smith,  Wellesley,  Mount  Holyoke,  Pratt  Institute, 
New  York,  Milwaukee-Downer  College,  Milwaukee, 
and  several  lesser  women's  colleges. 

While  in  the  English  Section  a  wonderfully  inter- 
esting showing  of  women's  activity  in  "  Higher  Educa- 
tion" was  made  by  the  Oxford  Association  for  the 
education  of  women,  including  Lady  Margaret  Hall, 
Summerville  College,  St.  Hugh  Hall,  St.  Hilda's  Hall; 
by  Girton  College  and  Newnham  College,  Cambridge 
University;  by  Westfield  College  and  the  London 


GROUP  JURORS  167 

School  of  Medicine  for  Women  of  the  London  Uni- 
versity; by  Owens  College  of  the  Victoria  University 
of  Manchester;  by  University  Hall  of  the  University  of 
St.  Andrews;  and  by  Dublin  Alexandra  College. 

In  the  German  section  no  special  exhibit  of  a  wo- 
man's department  was  made  by  any  university  or 
college.  According  to  the  German  system,  women's 
education  is  carried  on  side  by  side  with  men's.  Wo- 
men acquiring  a  leaving  certificate  from  a  classical 
gymnasium  can  matriculate  on  an  equal  footing  with 
male  students  in  the  Universities  of  Heidelberg,  Frei- 
burg, Erlangen,  Wiirtzburg,  and  Munich.  In  the 
other  universities,  except  Miinster,  by  permission  of 
the  Rector,  or  under  the  statutes,  women  are  permitted 
to  hear  lectures.  In  all  the  German  universities  there 
are  in  attendance  many  women,  either  as  matriculants 
or  as  hearers,  ranging  from  ten  to  two  hundred  women 
at  each  university. 

In  the  Universities  of  France,  Belgium,  and  Japan, 
a  similar  plan  of  educating  men  and  women  together 
exists.  But  outside  the  University  of  Paris,  of  Louvain, 
and  of  Tokio,  the  number  of  women  attending  the 
courses  does  not  compare  with  the  number  in  attend- 
ance at  the  German,  English,  and  American  universities. 
Among  the  lesser  nations  at  the  Fair,  as  Italy,  Brazil, 
Argentina,  Mexico,  China,  Canada,  Sweden,  Ceylon, 
and  Cuba,  the  exhibits  so  often  appearing  under  the 
name  of  college  work,  scarcely  represented  work  in 
Higher  Education  except  in  the  line  of  Art. 

The  very  fact  that  at  St.  Louis,  women's  work  was 
nowhere  separated  from  men's,  but  was  shown  side 
by  side  with  it,  was  in  itself  a  radical  advance  in  th'e 


168  REPORT 

last  eleven  years.  While  this  applied  to  every  depart- 
ment of  the  Exposition,  it  applied  with  greatest  impress- 
iveness  to  the  Department  of  Higher  Education.  For 
this,  in  the  past,  had  been  set  apart  as  man's  special 
province;  though  of  course,  down  through  the  ages, 
there  have  been  brilliant  exceptional  cases  of  women 
becoming  profound  students  and  learned  teachers,  as 
Hypatia,  Maria  Agnesi,  and  others. 

In  the  five  classes  of  Group  3  (Higher  Education), 
in  the  Department  of  Education,  there  was  really  less 
scope  and  a  more  restricted  field  for  women  than  in 
any  other  Group  of  the  Educational  Department.  Of 
the  Five  Classes,  to  glance  hastily  over  them,  i.  e.,  Class 
7,  Colleges  and  Universities,  Class  8,  Scientific,  tech- 
nical, and  engineering  schools,  Class  9,  Professional 
Schools,  Class  10,  Libraries,  Class  11,  Museums,  — 
only  in  Class  7  and  Class  10  has  woman  gained  for 
herself  any  distinctly  marked  footing.  In  the  other 
three  classes,  the  hold  she  has  acquired,  from  the  very 
nature  of  the  case,  has  been  limited,  but  in  every  Class 
of  Group  1  (Elementary  Education),  of  Group  2 
(Secondary  Education),  of  Group  4  (Special  Education 
in  the  Fine  Arts),  of  Group  6  (Special  Education  in 
Commerce  and  Industry),  of  Group  7  (Education  of 
Defectives),  of  Group  8  (Special  forms  of  Education, 
Text-books,  etc.),  —  she  is  the  controlling  force,  and 
is  very  strong. 

Inasmuch,  however,  as  Higher  Education  has  been 
considered  less  naturally  her  field,  the  steady  advance 
she  is  making  in  it  is  the  more  noticeable  and  more 
striking,  as  shown  at  the  World's  Fair  of  1904.  In  reply- 
ing to  the  question  of  an  approximate  estimate  of  the 


GROUP  JURORS  169 

proportionate  number  of  exhibits  by  women,  in  the 
five  Classes  of  Group  3,  I  may  venture  to  say  it  was 
near  thirty-seven  per  cent,  of  the  Domestic  and  Foreign 
Exhibits  —  estimating  the  percentage  of  work  exhibited 
by  men  and  women  as  probably  proportional  to  the 
respective  number  of  each  sex  registered.  (See  Mono- 
graphs on  "Education  in  United  States;"  on  "His- 
tory and  Origin  of  Public  Education  in  Germany; " 
"  List  of  British  Exhibits,  Departments  H  and  O.") 

In  giving  the  nature  of  the  exhibits  by  women  in 
the  Department  of  Higher  Education,  we  gladly  state 
that  they  differed  little  from  the  exhibits  by  men,  as 
the  requirements  called  for  in  the  circular  of  the  De- 
partment were  identically  the  same  for  both.  It  hap- 
pened, however,  possibly  from  being  younger  institu- 
tions and  having  less  to  show  in  the  way  of  literature, 
libraries,  histories,  etc.,  partly  also  from  having  a  less 
liberal  supply  of  money,  also  partly  from  a  smaller 
sense  of  ambition  and  rivalry  with  other  institutions, 
that  the  exhibits  of  Vassar,  Bryn  Mawr,  and  the  other 
women's  colleges  were  smaller,  less  costly,  and  less 
elaborate,  both  in  materials  and  in  installation,  than 
those  of  the  men's  colleges.  The  exhibits  consisted 
largely  of  photographs,  diagrams  of  statistics,  prospect- 
uses and  reports.  In  the  case  of  the  English  Women's 
Colleges  the  showing  was  quite  on  a  par  with  those 
of  the  men's  universities,  as  they  were  in  every  case 
a  part  of  the  same.  The  American  Women's  Colleges 
in  addition  showed  charts,  department  work,  special 
work,  histories,  publications,  and  models  of  buildings 
and  grounds. 


170  REPORT 

In  the  lesser  foreign  countries,  exhibits  of  art  and 
needlework,  though  sometimes  questionably  under  the 
head  of  Higher  Education,  were  thus  entered  by  the  so- 
called  colleges.  And  while  these  could  not  be  measured 
by  the  same  standard  as  the  English  and  American 
Women's  College  work,  it  was,  however,  valuable  and 
instructive,  as  showing  the  emancipation  and  progress 
of  women  in  lands  where  until  within  a  few  years  her 
opportunities  have  been  most  restricted,  and  as  present- 
ing the  liberal  spirit  toward  her  which  now  animates 
the  civilized  world.  Especially  in  Japan  and  Mexico  the 
women's  displays  were  novel  and  interesting. 

I  am  glad  to  pay  tribute  to  the  department  work  of 
the  Woman's  College,  Baltimore,  and  to  the  advanced 
special  work  of  Bryn  Mawr. 

As  to  what  advancement  was  shown  in  the  progress 
of  women,  I  would  emphatically  answer  that  advance- 
ment was  unmistakably  apparent  in  every  line  of 
women's  educational  work  —  advancement  not  alone 
along  old  lines,  but  along  new  as  well.  One  of  the 
greatest  steps  forward  made  by  woman,  in  the  last 
eleven  years  since  the  Columbian  Exposition,  has  been 
the  throwing  open  to  her  of  the  doors  of  nearly  all  of 
the  old  established  men's  colleges,  giving  her  in  every 
country,  in  every  state,  and  in  nearly  every  large  town 
almost  the  same  free  and  easy  access  to  learning  enjoyed 
by  her  brothers.  Coeducation  and  coeducational  in- 
stitutions have  rendered  it  possible  for  every  woman 
desirous  of  self -improvement  to  find  the  highest  advan- 
tages immediately  at  hand,  only  waiting  for  her  to  help 
herself. 

Domestic  Science  and  Household  Economics  are  new 


GROUP  JURORS  171 

sciences  developed  under  the  active  interest  of  college 
women  in  the  last  twenty -three  years.  Their  real  hold 
upon  the  public,  however,  and  their  enlarged  avenue 
for  bettering  the  home,  the  food,  the  health  of  the 
nation,  and  consequently  its  usefulness,  happiness,  and 
prosperity,  has  come  within  the  last  eleven  years. 

In  all  lines  of  art  —  from  the  fine  arts  of  painting 
and  sculpture  to  the  practical  and  useful  work  of  design 
in  its  multi-fold  forms,  woman's  advance  is  almost 
phenomenal.  In  the  sciences  of  astronomy,  medicine, 
physics,  and  psychology,  she  has  been  far  from  inactive 
during  the  last  half  decade.  In  teaching,  in  all  its 
branches  from  kindergarten  and  primary  work  through 
all  the  grades  of  intra-university  training  to  specializa- 
tion in  various  lines,  she  has  achieved  her  most  striking 
success.  In  the  future  her  usefulness  will  be  more  and 
more  increased,  in  this,  her  beloved  profession.  The 
number  of  women  teachers  is  rapidly  increasing,  while 
the  number  of  men  is  decreasing,  and  more  and  more 
women's  college  graduates  are  employed  in  the  various 
chairs  of  colleges  and  universities. 

While  the  Educational  Exhibits  at  St.  Louis  gave, 
in  a  general  way,  a  complete  presentation  of  women's 
part  in  the  progress  of  the  world,  there  was  far  less 
shown  of  the  work  of  foreign  women  than  was  desired, 
in  order  to  make  a  really  satisfactory  and  just  com- 
parative estimate  of  the  relative  advance  of  the  women 
of  our  own  country  and  those  abroad.  In  fact,  the 
exhibits  of  foreign  women  were  too  limited  to  allow  of 
any  comparison  between  the  two. 

Woman's  work  in  art,  in  school  organization  and 
management,  —  exemplified  in  the  control  of  the  great 


172  REPORT 

women's  colleges,  —  her  achievements  in  teaching,  in 
research  (historical  and  scientific),  in  medicine,  un- 
mistakably shows  that  she  is  able  to  do,  and  is  doing, 
unusual  and  far  more  capable  work  than  she  has  ever 
done  previously.  Her  pronounced  success  in  serious 
literature,  as  well  as  in  lighter  literature,  would  alone 
demonstrate  this. 

The  work  of  women  at  this  Exposition  differed 
from  that  of  the  past  in  having  extended  into  many 
new  lines,  whereas  in  quality  it  is  greatly  superior  to 
anything  they  have  ever  before  accomplished.  A  few 
years  ago,  the  scientific  and  professional  woman  was 
the  exception,  —  to-day  she  is  the  rule.  Either  working 
alone  or  assisting  some  great  man,  woman  is  found 
everywhere.  To  cite  instances,  I  refer  to  the  able  assist- 
ance Mrs.  Hedrick,  a  Vassar  Alumna,  gives  to  Pro- 
fessor Newcomb  in  his  calculations  on  the  moon;  to 
the  brilliant  aid  rendered  by  the  wealthy  and  gifted 
young  American  girl,  —  of  Leland  Stanford  and  Johns 
Hopkins,  —  Dr.  Annie  G.  Lyle,  to  the  famous  Dr. 
Theodore  Escherich,  of  Vienna  University,  in  his 
important  expert  medical  researches,  which  have  re- 
sulted in  the  famous  scarlet  fever  serum,  the  discovery 
of  Dr.  Moser  with  the  help  of  Dr.  Lyle.  As  we  have 
said,  women's  work  has  not  only  grown  in  extent,  but 
in  variety,  in  complexity,  in  greater  thoroughness  and 
ambition,  and  especially  in  the  greater  appreciation  it 
receives  from  the  world. 

Woman's  splendidly  accomplished  successes  as  seen 
at  the  World's  Fair  give  impulse  to  her  efforts  in  every 
line.  Assured  of  sympathy,  encouragement  is  imparted 
to  other  women  to  take  up  science,  teaching,  the  pro- 


GROUP  JURORS  173 

fessions.  Formerly  almost  insurmountable  obstacles 
T^ere  encountered  by  women.  To-day  the  open  door 
to  triumph,  according  to  her  ability,  along  almost 
every  line,  is  hers.  In  primary  education,  in  all  univer- 
sity training,  in  economic  arts,  in  all  sanitary  studies, 
in  philanthropic  work,  and  in  much  of  the  practical 
part  of  medicine,  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
showed  women's  efforts  in  a  varied  light  of  helpfulness 
and  suggestion  for  the  future. 

The  juxtaposition  of  man's  and  woman's  work  was 
suggestive  to  men  and  at  the  same  time  will  incite 
women  to  more  and  better  endeavors  along  new  lines. 
It  will  enable  her  to  acquire  more  scientific  ways  and 
a  better  preparation  for  the  business  world.  It  will 
teach  her  a  saving  of  energy  and  greater  self-reliance. 

The  incalculable  advantage  of  women's  work  for 
the  first  time  having  a  place  side  by  side  with  men's 
cannot  be  overestimated.  It  enabled  women  to  see  at 
a  glance  their  own  weaknesses,  and  at  the  same  time 
presented  to  the  view  of  others  their  strong  points  in 
the  most  telling  manner.  The  Jury  of  Higher  Education 
did  not  ask  on  examining  an  exhibit  whether  it  was 
men's  or  women's  work.  Each  exhibit  was  judged 
entirely  on  its  individual  merit  as  presented.  And  if 
the  universities  and  great  men's  colleges  (and  in  many 
cases  these  included  women's  work)  received  a  higher 
grade  of  award  than  did  the  great  women's  colleges,  it 
was  because,  in  the  opinion  of  the  jury,  the  equipment 
of  the  former  and  the  larger  showing  in  the  way  of 
actual  work  and  appliances  entitled  them  to  the  award, 
rather  than  that  it  was  the  respective  work  of  either 
men  or  women.  But  I  may  say,  to  show  the  absolutely 


174  REPORT 

unbiased  mind  of  the  jury,  that  women's  work  in  many 
lines  came  in  for  even  greater  appreciation  than  did  that 
of  the  men. 

By  no  means  would  the  results  have  been  better 
if  their  work  had  been  separately  exhibited.  A  far 
greater  importance  was  assumed  by  women's  work 
in  the  placing  of  it  side  by  side  with  men's  work.  Thus 
displayed  it  received  precisely  equal  attention,  and  a 
more  liberal  study  undoubtedly  than  it  would  have 
done  if  placed  alone. 

At  Chicago  and  various  other  Expositions,  it  was 
relegated  to  a  far  less  desirable  position  by  itself.  The 
very  fact  of  its  isolation  in  a  building  designated  the 
Woman's  Building,  set  it  apart  as  a  different  and  in- 
ferior effort  and  created  a  prejudice  against  it. 

Women's  work  was  far  more  varied  at  St.  Louis  and 
more  representative  of  different  nations.  The  so-called 
strictly  feminine,  viz.,  art  and  needlework,  pottery, 
decoration,  libraries  of  books  by  women  authors,  attract- 
ive parlors  displaying  women's  taste,  —  which  largely 
filled  the  charming  women's  buildings  at  Chicago, 
at  Atlanta,  at  the  Tennessee  Centennial,  at  Omaha, 
and  at  Buffalo,  —  were  unquestionably  showy  and 
striking  displays.  In  St.  Louis,  on  the  contrary, 
women's  exhibits  mingled  with  men's  work  in  the  seri- 
ous and  practical  enterprises  of  the  day  and  appealed 
to  the  same  audiences.  Woman  appeared  as  she  really 
is,  the  fellow  student,  the  fellow  citizen,  and  partner  of 
man  in  the  affairs  of  life. 

Manufacturers  were  not  asked  to  state  the  percent- 
age of  woman's  work  which  entered  into  the  manufac- 
ture of  their  special  exhibits,  nor  did  I  have  any  way 


GROUP  JURORS  175 

of  forming  any  estimate  on  this  point;  neither  were 
they  shown  in  any  manner  that  would  indicate  in  any 
way  or  enable  the  investigator  to  distinguish  what  part 
had  been  performed  by  women. 

Considering  all  kinds  of  work  involved  in  the  ex- 
hibits of  the  Department  of  Education,  whether  in- 
stalled by  women  alone  or  in  conjunction  with  men,  the 
taste,  completeness,  ingenuity  of  the  same,  the  clerical 
work  during  the  duration  of  the  Fair,  —  in  other  words 
the  whole  connection  of  woman  with  carrying  out  the 
administration  of  the  Department  of  Education,  it  may 
be  considered  that  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  work  was  per- 
formed by  women.  The  German  section  was  entirely 
under  the  supervision  of  men,  as  were  most,  if  not  all, 
of  the  foreign  exhibits.  But  women  were  everywhere 
else  omnipresent  in  charge  of  the  Educational  Depart- 
ment. 

In  the  awards  to  Higher  Education  I  would  say  that 
upwards  of  twenty  per  cent,  went  to  women  exhibitors. 
(For  percentages  and  other  suggestions,  I  am  indebted 
to  Dr.  J.  J.  Conway,  St.  Louis  University,  also  a  mem- 
ber of  Jury  of  Higher  Education.) 

We  point  with  pride  to  the  discovery  of  Radium  by 
Madame  Curie  of  Paris  as  both  a  new,  useful,  and 
distinctive  work  of  woman.  Columns  might  be  written 
on  this  invention  alone.  The  work  of  Madame  Curie 
was  certainly  original.  Miss  Annie  E.  Sullivan's  new 
methods  of  teaching  the  deaf-blind,  as  in  the  case  of 
Helen  Keller,  gives  her  the  honor  not  only  of  promi- 
nence as  an  educator  of  Defectives,  but  also  of  inventing 
a  very  new  and  valuable  method  of  instruction.  The 
methods  of  teaching  Defectives  are  the  wonder  of 


176  REPORT 

educators,  and  will  probably  be  effective  of  marvelous 
results  in  the  near  future.  The  highest  praise  must  also 
be  bestowed  upon  the  work  of  Mrs.  Shaw,  and  Miss 
Fisher,  of  Boston,  and  of  Mrs.  Putnam  and  Mary 
McCulloch,  as  the  promoters  of  kindergarten  work. 
Kindergarten  work  is  self-eloquent. 

Credit  is  due  woman  for  her  conception  of  the  idea 
of  traveling  libraries,  which  have  so  effectively  brought 
cheer  and  recreation  and  even  reform  to  many  re- 
stricted lives.  The  libraries  of  the  Colonial  Dames 
and  everything  along  the  line  of  Reading  Circles,  Liter- 
ary Clubs,  etc.,  have  had  their  inception  in  the  brains 
of  women.  Traveling  libraries  have  been  a  boon  to 
many  small  towns.  Though  it  is  impossible  to  enter 
into  the  details  of  woman's  work  in  the  industries,  the 
Newcomb  Pottery  made  at  the  Sophie  Newcomb  Col- 
lege, Louisiana,  should  be  mentioned,  —  all  of  which 
is  made  by  women  educated  at  that  school  of  design. 

I  commend  the  ample  and  reliable  literature  on  all 
these  subjects,  as  a  better  source  of  information  on  the 
merits  of  these  inventions  than  can  be  shown  in  this 
brief  report.  But  most  of  women's  work  in  the  Edu- 
cational section,  the  school  work,  art  work,  etc.,  was 
an  improvement  along  already  existing  lines.  But  along 
household  and  economic  lines,  women  during  the  last 
ten  years  have  done  original  thinking  and  much  in- 
vestigation. And  the  studies  in  sanitary  chemistry,  the 
attainments  as  a  scholar  and  scientist  of  Mrs.  Ellen  C. 
Richards,  Vassax,  1870,  stand  out  conspicuously,  hav- 
ing won  for  her  the  respect  of  the  world. 

The  question  of  the  value  of  the  product  or  process, 
as  measured  by  its  usefulness  or  beneficent  influence  on 


GROUP  JURORS  177 

mankind,  is  so  vast  that  a  flood  of  answers  sweep  over 
one,  embracing  the  whole  field  of  women's  usefulness 
and  the  whole  realm  of  education.  The  usefulness  of 
the  discovery  of  Radium  has  scarcely  been  estimated 
as  yet,  nor  has  the  beneficent  influence  of  teaching 
Defectives,  and  of  many  of  the  household  inventions 
been  fully  enjoyed  up  to  this  time.  The  question  in- 
volves much  of  the  scientific  success  of  the  future  along 
both  physical,  mental,  moral  and  educational  lines,  and, 
judging  by  the  past,  we  feel  assured  that  many  brilliant 
achievements  will  owe  their  origin  and  accomplish- 
ment to  women. 

There  was  naturally  nothing  lacking  in  the  merits 
of  the  installation  of  any  exhibit  presented  by  women, 
nor  in  the  taste  manifested  in  the  placing  of  the  same. 
The  women's  college  booths  were  always  effectively 
arranged  and  sometimes  made  up  for  the  lack  of  range 
of  exhibit  by  unusual  artistic  grouping  and  tasteful 
placing  of  the  displays. 

Several  times  I  have  referred  to  the  progress  in  art 
displayed  by  woman  at  St.  Louis.  This  was  evidenced 
not  only  in  the  magnificent  specimens  of  her  brush  and 
chisel  in  the  Fine  Arts  Museum  in  both  the  home  and 
foreign  Art  Schools,  but  in  the  prolific  efforts  of  her 
skill  in  the  outside  Exposition  sculpture,  where  wo- 
man's work,  side  by  side  with  man's,  was  pointed  to 
with  exultation,  as  one  of  the  greatest  triumphs  of  the 
Twentieth  Century  Exposition.  We  all  recall  how  many 
of  the  most  notable  pieces  of  statuary  crowning  the 
various  great  palaces  were  the  work  of  divinely  en- 
dowed women.  Such  was  the  superb  "Victory"  sur- 
mounting Festival  Hall,  the  conception  of  Mrs.  Evylyn. 


178  REPORT 

B.  Longman  ;  while  the  spirit  of  "  Missouri,"  which 
winged  its  flight  from  the  summit  of  the  great  Missouri 
Building,  was  executed  by  Miss  Carrie  Wood,  of  St. 
Louis.  To  Miss  Grace  Lincoln  Temple,  the  beautiful 
decorations  of  the  interior  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment Building  were  due.  The  two  "  Victory"  statues  on 
the  Grand  Basin  and  the  Daniel  Boone  statue  were 
executed  by  Miss  Enid  Yandell,  by  birth  a  Kentuckian, 
but  now  of  New  York.  The  statues  of  James  Monroe, 
James  Madison,  George  Rogers  Clark,  on  Art  Hill, 
were  respectively  done  by  Julia  M.  Bracken,  Chicago, 
Janet  Scudder,  Terre  Haute,  and  Elsie  Ward,  Denver. 
The  reclining  figures  over  the  central  door  of  the  Lib- 
eral Arts  Building  were  by  Edith  B.  Stephens  of  New 
York,  and  the  east  and  north  spandrels  of  the  Machin- 
ery Building  were  done  by  Melva  Beatrice  Wilson, 
New  York. 

Glancing  at  the  portrait  painting  of  Cecelia  Beaux, 
the  work  of  Mary  MacMonnies,  of  Margaret  Fuller, 
of  Mrs.  Kenyon-Cox,  and  of  Kate  Carr  of  Tennessee, 
of  Virginia  Demont-Breton  of  France,  of  Lady  Tadema 
and  Henrietta  Rae  of  Great  Britain,  we  feel,  as  well 
as  see,  the  exalted  place  woman's  genius  has  given 
her  in  the  art  world  of  to-day;  while  in  science  we 
point  with  gratification  not  only  to  Madame  Curie, 
but  to  the  astronomical  work  of  Miss  Whitney  of  Vas- 
sar,  of  Miss  Agnes  Mary  Clerke  of  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, and  of  Dorothea  Klumpke,  born  in  San  Francisco, 
but  connected  with  the  Paris  Observatory  and  one  of 
the  foremost  astronomers  of  France.  In  archaeological 
works  Miss  Elizabeth  Stokes  of  Alexandra  College, 
Dublin,  in  research  work  Miss  Skeel  of  Westfield  Col- 


GROUP   JURORS  179 

lege,  London,  and  in  mathematics  Sophia  Kowalevski 
of  Stockholm,  and  Charlotte  Angus  Scott,  born  in  Eng- 
land and  professor  at  Bryn  Mawr,  stand  out  preemi- 
nent —  adding  even  greater  lustre  to  the  woman's  page 
of  science,  on  which  in  the  past  the  names  of  Carolyn 
Herschel,  Mary  Summerville,  and  Maria  Mitchell  were 
written  in  illumined  letters. 

In  medical  works,  especially  in  the  United  States, 
and  more  particularly  in  the  profession  of  surgery, 
women  have  scored  for  themselves  many  glorious 
successes,  though  it  is  not  possible  here  to  enter  into 
an  amplification  of  the  subject. 

In  conclusion  I  would  say  that  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  markedly  showed  the  setting  aside  by 
woman  of  former  traditions  and  her  expansion  into 
a  new  life,  where,  though  by  no  means  giving  up  the 
ornamental  and  social,  she  has  yet  demonstrated  her 
rights  to  be  recognized  in  the  broader  and  more  useful 
fields  of  discovery,  investigation,  and  invention  in  art, 
science,  and  industry.  She  is  everywhere  the  rival  of 
man,  everywhere  entering  with  enthusiasm  his  chosen 
paths,  excepting  perhaps  in  naval  and  military  opera- 
tions, and  as  nurse  and  ministering  doctor,  she  is  even 
there. 

As  the  World's  Fair  at  St.  Louis  was  a  stupendous 
triumph  of  modern  times  in  Manufactures,  in  Economic 
and  Liberal  Arts,  in  Electricity,  in  History,  in  Science, 
in  Architecture,  in  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  in  Land- 
scape Gardening,  in  Machinery,  in  Archaeology,  in 
Education,  in  Fine  Arts,  —  in  fact  along  every  line  of 
practical  work,  as  well  as  in  the  sciences  and  arts,  —  so 
woman's  progress  in  every  department  was  such  as  to 


180  REPORT 

gleam  forth  from  even  the  superb  and  marvelous  splen- 
dor everywhere  reflected,  as  worthy  of  her  highest 
ambition  and  as  suggestive  of  untold  and  signal  possi- 
bilities for  the  future. 

Group  4,  Mrs.  E.  H.  Thayer,  of  Denver,  Colorado, 
Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Special  Education  in 
Fine  Arts,"  the  two  classes  into  which  it  was  divided 
represented:  (Institutions  for  teaching  drawing,  paint- 
ing, and  music.)  Art  schools  and  institutes.  Schools 
and  Departments  of  music;  conservatories  of  music. 
(Methods  of  instruction,  results  obtained.  Legislation, 
organization,  general  statistics.) 

Mrs.  Thayer  writes  as  follows :  — 

As  a  juror  of  this  Group  I  was  associated  with  five 
jurors,  all  men,  holding  positions  as  professors  of 
schools  of  art,  and  they  agreed  with  me  that  the  fine 
art  work  of  the  women  was  equal  to  that  of  the 
men  students,  and  in  some  schools  of  art  it  was  far 
superior;  this  was  especially  so  in  the  study  of  the 
nude  from  the  academies  of  art  in  New  York  and  Phil- 
adelphia. 

The  only  school  of  art  in  which  we  found  the  work 
of  women  inferior  to  men  was  in  Austria,  excepting  in 
the  making  of  lace  and  embroidery,  but  the  studies  in 
figure-painting  were  inferior  to  the  same  work  done  by 
women  in  American  schools.  Yet  the  art  students'  work 
from  Austria,  as  a  whole,  was  so  fine  we  gave  that  coun- 
try the  grand  prize. 


GROUP  JURORS  181 

I  was  particularly  pleased  with  the  wall-paper  de- 
signs made  by  women  students  in  a  school  of  design  in 
New  York  City.  They  were  most  original  and  artistic, 
—  this  school  made  a  display  of  several  hundred  de- 
signs and  we  were  told  they  were  all  sold  for  large 
prices  during  the  Exposition  to  manufacturers  of  wall- 
paper. 

The  New  York  Night  School  of  Art  showed  some 
remarkably  good  work  by  girls,  who  were  employed 
during  the  day.  The  Professor  in  charge  told  us  that 
the  girls  were  so  eager  for  instruction  in  art  that  they 
would  be  waiting  for  the  doors  to  open  and  would  work 
longer  hours  and  make  greater  progress  than  the 
men. 

Group  7,  Miss  Hope  Fairfax  Loughborough,  of  Little 

Rock,  Arkansas,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "  Education  of  Defectives," 
the  three  classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented: 
Institutions  for  the  blind;  publications  for  the  blind. 
Institutions  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  Institutions  for 
the  feeble-minded.  (Management,  methods,  courses  of 
study;  results.  Special  appliances  for  instruction. 
Legislation,  organization,  statistics.  Buildings:  plans 
and  models.) 

Miss  Loughborough  presents  the  following  report:  — 

The  jury  of  Group  7  in  the  Department  of  Educa- 
tion had  under  its  inspection  the  work  of  the  blind,  the 
deaf,  and  the  feeble-minded.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  the 
exhibits  were  sent  by  institutes  and  special  schools,  and 


182  REPORT 

were  the  result  of  the  cooperation  of  men  and  women 
teachers  who  selected  the  work  of  both  boys  and  girls 
to  represent  the  school  as  a  whole,  it  was  difficult  to 
estimate  with  accuracy  the  proportional  amount  of 
women's  work.  As  nearly  as  it  can  be  estimated,  how- 
ever, two  fifths  of  the  exhibits  shown  in  the  three 
classes  of  which  this  group  was  composed  were  the 
work  of  women.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  special 
prizes  the  awards  were  given  to  institutions  and  not  to 
individuals,  but  about  twenty-one  per  cent,  of  these 
were  given  for  women's  work.  The  work  of  the  boys 
and  girls  in  the  shops  was  generally  shown  distinctly, 
but  were  not  awarded  separately,  the  whole  idea  being 
to  show,  not  what  the  boys  or  girls,  the  teachers  or 
principals,  were  doing  individually,  but  what  results 
were  being  obtained  in  the  institutions  from  the  best 
known  methods  for  special  education  both  in  class  and 
industrial  work,  and  particularly  to  show  by  means 
of  the  model  school  —  or  living  exhibit  —  some  of  the 
class  methods  in  operation. 

The  living  exhibits  were  the  most  striking  in  Classes 
19  and  20.  They  consisted  of  entire  classes  which  were 
brought,  one  at  a  time,  from  different  state  institutions. 
Each  class  remained  at  the  Fair  some  weeks,  were  pro- 
vided with  accommodations  on  the  grounds,  and  had 
its  recitations  every  day  in  a  temporary  school-room  in 
the  Educational  Building.  This  class-room  was  always 
surrounded  by  a  crowd  of  eager  lookers-on,  who 
watched  with  the  utmost  attention  the  methods  of 
instruction  —  so  little  known  to  the  public  in  general 
—  by  which  the  deaf  and  blind  make  such  wonderful 
progress.  The  work  of  instruction  in  the  living  exhibits, 


GROUP   JURORS  183 

although  almost  entirely  planned  by  men,  was  executed 
by  women. 

The  awards  for  the  living  exhibits  were  given  the 
institutions  from  which  the  classes  came,  with  one 
exception.  This  exception  was  Lottie  Sullivan,  a  deaf 
and  blind  girl  from  the  Colorado  Institution,  who  was 
awarded  a  gold  medal  for  her  aptitude  and  the  progress 
she  had  made.  The  jury  thought  at  first  that  her  teacher, 
too,  deserved  special  recognition  for  the  results  ob- 
tained, but  as  it  was  found  that  the  teacher  in  charge 
of  Lottie  Sullivan  at  the  Fair  had  had  her  but  a  short 
time,  and  that  there  was  no  one  person  responsible  for 
her  progress,  it  was  decided  to  make  no  award. 

Of  the  special  schools,  not  state  institutions,  which 
exhibited,  those  conducted  by  women  showed  work  on 
a  par  with  that  done  in  the  schools  conducted  by  men, 
and  received  as  liberal  rewards. 

Particularly  creditable  was  the  work  done  in  the 
schools  for  the  feeble-minded. 

In  Group  7  the  exhibits  were  divided  into  three 
classes,  19,  20,  and  21,  the  work  respectively  of  the  blind, 
the  deaf,  and  the  feeble-minded.  In  Class  19,  women 
showed  basket  work,  raffia  work,  modeling  in  clay, 
hammock  weaving,  crocheting,  embroidery,  printing 
by  means  of  Braille  writing-machines,  and  class  work; 
in  Class  20,  sewing,  embroidery,  crocheting,  painting, 
drawing,  modeling,  and  class  work;  and  in  Class  21, 
basket-making,  sewing,  embroidery,  crocheting,  and 
class  work. 

There  was  but  one  foreign  woman  who  made  an 
exhibit.  This  was  Mademoiselle  Mulct,  a  French- 
woman who  had  invented  a  writing-machine  for  blind 


184  REPORT 

children.  She  had  brought  a  little  blind  French  boy 
with  her,  who  was  not  installed  as  an  exhibit,  but  whom 
she  brought  before  the  jury  to  show  the  working  of  her 
machine.  This  machine  consisted  of  a  small  frame 
blocked  off  into  squares,  in  which  the  child  was  taught 
to  write  the  letters  of  the  English  alphabet.  Mademoi- 
selle Mulct's  claim  for  award  was  that  with  the  machine 
generally  in  use,  it  was  necessary  to  teach  the  child  a 
language  of  dots  and  dashes  which  was  not  legible  by 
people  in  general.  Although  ingenious,  Mademoiselle 
Mulct's  machine  was  not  considered  striking  or  new 
enough  to  warrant  an  award. 

There  was  no  display  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
Group  7  which  would  seem  to  indicate  any  great  ad- 
vancement in  the  work  of  women  since  the  Chicago 
Exposition,  though  the  methods  of  instruction  —  many 
of  them  through  the  painstaking  application  of  women 
—  have  undergone  marked  improvement.  The  work 
of  women  as  shown  by  the  exhibits  in  the  education 
of  Defectives  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition, 
placed  on  equal  terms  of  comparison  with  that  of  men, 
was  very  creditable.  There  was  nothing  particularly 
helpful  or  suggestive  in  the  school  work  being  shown  on 
equal  terms  of  comparison  with  that  of  men,  for  in  this 
field  women  have  always  kept  well  abreast  of  men,  and 
their  work  has  been  appreciated  equally  with  that  of 
men. 

Department  B,  Art,  Prof.  Halsey  C.  Ives,  Chief, 
comprised  six  Groups  and  eighteen  Classes,  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  being  represented  in  four  of  the 
groups. 


GROUP  JURORS  185 

Group  9,  Miss  Mary  Solari,  Memphis,  Tennessee, 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Paintings  and  Draw- 
ings," the  two  classes  into  which  it  was  divided  repre- 
sented: Paintings  on  canvas,  wood,  metal,  enamel, 
porcelain,  faience,  and  on  various  preparations;  by  all 
direct  methods  in  oil,  wax,  tempera,  and  other  media; 
mural  paintings;  fresco  painting  on  walls.  Drawings 
and  cartoons  in  water-color,  pastel,  chalk,  charcoal, 
pencil,  and  other  media,  on  any  material.  Miniatures 
on  ivory. 

Miss  Solari  reports  as  follows :  — 

WOMEN  IN  THE   WORLD   OF  ART  AT  THE   LOUISIANA 
PURCHASE  EXPOSITION 

The  first  feeling  of  a  woman  who  looks  back  to  the 
history  of  art  during  the  last  ten  years  is  one  of  pride, 
for  she  recognizes  that  the  exhibit  made  by  women  in 
the  Fine  Arts  Department  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  is  the  best,  most  complete  and  important  that 
has  ever  been  made  by  women  at  any  previous  exposi- 
tion; that  it  is  superior  to  that  made  at  Chicago  World's 
Fair  in  point  of  quality  and  character,  and  by  compe- 
tent judges  said  to  be  better  than  that  made  in  Paris 
in  1900. 

As  regards  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  that  influence  is 
conspicuous  which  has  brought  about  a  development 
rather  than  new  foundations,  or  new  schools.  In  seeking 
subjects  for  the  "new  thought"  the  "  Old  Masters"  have 
not  been  lost  sight  of.  "  There  is  nothing  new  under  the 


186  REPORT 

sun,"  and  as  the  musician  draws  from  the  old  masters 
his  soul's  inspiring  theme,  so  the  aspiring  painter  studies 
the  canvases  of  the  past  ages  for  his  correct  guidance. 
And  to  the  dispassionate  observer  these  things  prove 
much  with  regard  to  the  actual  work  being  done  by 
women  artists,  and  the  new  influences,  if  such  they  be, 
that  have  made  themselves  felt  during  the  last  decade. 
Should  we  regard  a  work  of  art  as  an  independent 
entity,  the  result  of  what  is  called  "a  separate  creative 
act"  on  the  part  of  the  artist  with  no  relation  to  its 
environment,  we  must  perforce  conclude  pre-natal  con- 
ditions in  the  painter  which  we  are  loth  to  admit. 
Hence  we  have  no  reason  to  be  ashamed  of  the  Old 
Masters.  Critics  there  are  who  know  how  to  judge  of 
a  picture  and  critics  who  constitutionally  cannot  draw 
from  a  canvas  a  single  salient  good  feature,  they  have 
not  the  knowledge  of  the  difference  between  bad  and 
beautiful  design  and  color  or  the  meaning  of  harmony. 

If  we  may  apply  to  art  what  Goethe  said  of  poetry, 
we  find  that  among  its  votaries  there  are  two  kinds  of 
self-half-informed  people,  dilettanti,  he  calls  them, 
"he  who  neglects  the  indispensable  mechanical  part, 
and  thinks  he  has  done  enough  if  he  shows  spirituality 
and  feeling,  and  he  who  seeks  to  arrive  at  poetry  merely 
by  mechanism  in  which  he  can  acquire  an  artisan's 
readiness  and  is  without  soul  and  matter." 

This  Exposition  has  no  doubt  been  the  means  of 
discouraging  a  number  of  men  and  women  from  con- 
tinuing in  a  profession  for  which  they  are  not  qualified 
by  the  possession  of  any  rare  gift.  It  is  to  be  hoped, 
however,  that  the  work  accepted  and  shown  at  the  St. 
Louis  Exposition  will  prove  that  a  class  of  women 


GROUP  JURORS  187 

artists  have  been  produced  in  the  decade  just  past  who 
have  at  least  learned  the  grammar  of  their  chosen  art 
work  —  the  value  of  simple  lines  and  pure  tones. 

The  work  of  the  women  was  placed  side  by  side 
with  that  of  the  men  artists  and  where  the  pictures 
would  show  to  the  best  advantage  and  harmonize  with 
the  surrounding  ones. 

In  examining  for  awards  the  merit  of  the  work  was 
discussed  and  considered  regardless  of  the  name  the 
canvas  bore;  but  that  this  was  the  better  plan  for  ex- 
hibiting women's  work  leaves  room  for  doubt,  because 
as  a  whole  women's  work  could  not  be  viewed,  thereby 
leaving  the  exhibition  incomprehensive  to  the  average 
visitor,  who  could  not  grasp  the  importance  of  woman's 
contribution  to  the  world  of  art  by  the  scattered  pic- 
tures as  arranged  in  the  various  galleries  of  the  Art 
Building.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  women  in  gen- 
eral, by  their  representation  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  derived  little  or  no  benefit  by  having  their 
work  placed  side  by  side  with  that  of  men,  chiefly 
because  it  was  reduced  to  insignificance  by  the  small 
proportion  of  works  exhibited.  Secondly,  the  visiting 
public  was  not  attracted  by  the  fact  that  women  had 
a  picture  here  and  there  hanging  on  some  one  of  the 
walls  in  the  Palace  of  Art. 

Had  their  work  been  collected  in  one  gallery  the 
display  would  have  been  more  comprehensive  and 
better  appreciated.  But,  nevertheless,  this  Exposition 
has  emphasized  the  fact  that  woman  fills  an  important 
place  in  the  field  of  art.  She  wields  her  brush  deftly, 
conscientiously,  and  her  canvases  fit  well  side  by  side 
with  those  of  her  brother  artists. 


188  REPORT 

Women  at  the  Exposition  excelled  most  in  figure 
paintings  in  oils,  and  in  this  line  of  work  have  made 
greater  progress  since  the  Chicago  Exposition  than  in 
any  other  branch  of  the  Fine  Arts.  The  execution  is  bold, 
free,  and  shows  a  greater  familiarity  with  the  subject 
portrayed,  though  they  have  reached  a  very  high 
standard  in  water-color  landscapes  and  are  notably 
strong  in  miniature  painting.  The  innate  refinement 
and  delicate  sense  of  detail  and  color  which  character- 
ize women  are  prominent  for  the  features  for  the  pro- 
duction of  the  high  finish  required  in  a  miniature. 
Mural  painting  is  beginning  to  attract  women,  and  with 
their  love  for  beautiful  homes  they  must  soon  excel  in 
this  branch  and  bring  decorative  art  to  a  fuller  per- 
fection. 

One  of  the  crowning  glories  of  this  Exposition  is 
that  it  has  brought  to  the  few  American  artists  living 
at  home  the  opportunity  to  study  the  salient  character- 
istics of  the  schools  of  the  various  countries  exhibiting 
at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition. 

Twenty-four  countries  exhibited  in  the  Fine  Arts 
Department  and  contributed  to  Groups  9  and  10 :  5468 
pictures  from  nearly  fifteen  hundred  professional  artists, 
of  which  number  not  more  than  three  hundred  were 
women  (289),  and  fully  half  this  number  were  repre- 
sented by  their  work  in  the  United  States  section.  The 
number  of  awards  bestowed  in  the  United  States  sec- 
tion was  41  to  women  exhibitors  against  239  to  men. 
The  total  number  given  in  the  foreign  sections  collect- 
ively was  17  to  women  against  398  to  men.  No  work 
executed  prior  to  the  Chicago  Exposition  was  in  com- 
petition for  award. 


GROUP  JURORS 


189 


EXHIBITS  BY  WOMEN  IN  THE  VARIOUS  SECTIONS 
OF  GROUPS  IX  AND  X 


UNITED  STATES 


Oil  paintings 
Water-colors 

64 
41 

Mural  paintings              6 
Miniatures                     42 

AKGENTINA 

AUSTRIA 

Oil  painting                    1 
(Miss  Wernicke) 

Oil  paintings 

3 

BELGIUM 

CANADA 

Oil  paintings                21 
Water-colors                  6 

Oil  paintings 
Water-colors 

10 

2 

CEYLON 

HOLLAND 

Oil  paintings                 2 

Oil  paintings 

21 

ITALY 

JAPAN 

Oil  paintings                  9 
Water-colors                   2 

Oil  paintings 

5 

NICARAGUA 

PERU 

Oil  painting                    1 
(Miss  Garcia) 

Oil  painting 
(Miss  Franco) 

1 

PORTUGAL 

RUSSIA 

Oil  paintings                  4 

Oil  paintings 
Water-colors 

15 
15 

190  REPORT 

SWEDEN  FRANCE 

Oil  paintings          6  Oil  paintings  19 

Water-colors  17 

ENGLAND 

Oil  paintings  16 

Water-colors  13 

Drawings  10 

The  two  last-named  countries  (France  and  England) 
did  not  exhibit  in  any  department  for  awards. 

List  of  Honors  conferred  by  the  International  Jury 
of  Awards  upon  Women  Artists  Exhibiting  in  the 
Department  of  Fine  Arts  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition :  — 

UNITED  STATES  SECTION 
GROUP  IX 
Odd  Medal 

Beaux,  Cecelia.  Hills,'  Laura  C. 

Fuller,  Lucia  Fairchild.         Thayer,  Theodora  W. 

Silver  Medal 

Chase,  Adelaide  Cole.  Oakley,  Violet. 

Cox,  Louise.  Sears,  Sara  C. 

Emmet,  Helen.  Sherwood,  Rosina  E. 

Emmet,  Lidia  F.  Watkins,  Susan. 

Green,  Mary  S.  Wheeler,  Janet. 
Nourse,  Elizabeth. 

Bronze  Medals 

Ahrens,  Ellen  Witherald.       Beckington,  Alice. 
Baker,  Martha  S.  Cooper,  Emma  Lampert. 


GROUP  JURORS  191 

Dickson,  Mary  C.  Palmer,  Pauline. 

Earle,  Elinor.  Perry,  Lilla  Cabot. 

Herter,  Adele.  Searle,  Alice  T. 

Hess,  Emma  Kipling.  Sewell,  Amanda  Brewster. 

Kendall,  Margaret.  Sloan,  Mariana. 

Klumpke,  Anna  E.  Smith,  Letta  C. 

MacChesney,  Clara  T.  Van  der  Veer,  Mary. 

Nicholls,  Rhoda  Holmes.  Wing,  A.  B. 

Packard,  Mabel.  Wood,  Louise. 

GROUP  X 
Silver  Medal 

Harding,  Charlotte.  Smith,  Jessie  Willcox. 

Bronze  Medal 

Cowles,  Maud  Alice.  Green,  Elizabeth  Shippen. 

BELGIUM 

GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 
Silver  Medal 

Calias,  Henriette.  De  Hem,  Louise. 

De  Bievre,  Marie.  Witsman,  Juliette. 

CANADA 

GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 
Silver  Medal 

Carlyle,  Florence. 

Bronze  Medal 

Muntz,  Laura* 


192  REPORT 

GERMANY 

GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 
Bronze  Medal 

Wirth,  Anna  Maria. 

HOLLAND 
GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 

Odd  Medal 

Schwartze,  Therese. 

JAPAN 

GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 
Silver  Medal  Bronze  Medal 

Uyemura,  Madam  Shoyen.    Antomi,  Madam  Giokushi. 

PORTUGAL 

GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 
Silver  Medal 

H.  R.  M.  the  Queen  of  Portugal. 

RUSSIA 

GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 

Bronze  Medal 

Backlund,  Eliza.  Loudon,  Emilie. 

SWEDEN 
GROUP  IX.  PAINTINGS  AND  DRAWINGS 

Bronze  Medal 

Almquist,  Esther.  Nordgren,  Anna. 

Brate,  Fanny.  Wahtstrom,  Charlotte. 


GROUP  JURORS  193 

Group  11,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  St.  John  Matthews,  New 

York  City,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Sculpture,"  the  four 
classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented :  Sculpture 
and  bas-reliefs  of  figures  and  groups  in  marble,  bronze, 
or  other  metal;  terra  cotta,  plaster,  wood,  ivory,  or  other 
material.  Models  in  plaster  and  terra  cotta.  Medals, 
engravings  on  gems,  cameos,  and  intaglios.  Carvings 
in  stone,  wood,  ivory,  or  other  materials. 

Mrs.  Matthews  reports  as  follows:  — 

The  recent  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  furnished 
further  evidence  of  the  importance  of  such  gatherings 
of  the  world's  artisans,  and  has  left  with  us  an  illu- 
minating impression  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  greater 
civilization,  which  is  the  result  of  unification  of  na- 
tional interest  in  the  development  of  the  useful  and 
beautiful.  This  is  probably  the  greatest  good  from  such 
expositions,  and  they  serve  to  cement  the  workers  of 
the  world  in  one  grand  mosaic  of  endeavor. 

The  field  of  application  is  large,  and  the  progressive 
people  are  few.  We  are  babes  as  yet  in  the  ability  to 
receive  ideas  and  with  comparatively  little  capacity  for 
the  expression  of  them  in  tangible  work;  so  that  what- 
ever tends  to  a  common  interest  that  speaks  for  pro- 
gress, let  it  be  exultant  cause  for  practical  thinkers  to 
give  their  support  to  every  such  movement. 

The  wide  identification  women  have  accomplished 
in  the  fields  of  industrials  and  art,  during  the  past 
decade,  have  made  it  necessary  that  the  sex  be  taken 
into  serious  consideration  in  expositions;  and  that  re- 


194  REPORT 

quisite  encouragement  and  support  be  given  women, 
it  is  necessary  that  they  should  have  adequate  repre- 
sentation on  committees  and  boards  that  are  formed 
for  administration.  Service  on  such  boards  by  women 
is  invariably  conscientious  and  efficient,  and  for  this 
reason  their  services  are  valuable  in  all  departments  in 
which  the  work  of  women  is  involved,  and  it  is  certainly 
obvious  that  socially  they  are  indispensable. 

As  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Awards  in  Sculp- 
ture at  the  recent  Exposition  at  St.  Louis,  I  wish  to  say 
that  in  the  Sculptural  Exhibit  60  out  of  350  pieces,  or 
17^  per  cent.,  were  by  women.  Four  of  these  pieces  were 
by  women  of  foreign  birth  and  residing  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. Of  this  number  there  were  a  few  portrait  busts, 
and  the  remainder  were  ideal  and  symbolic  works. 

The  first  impression  one  received  in  viewing  the 
work  in  this  department  was,  that  there  were  a  number 
of  women  sculptors  in  this  country  of  more  than  ordi- 
nary ability;  and  this  impression  grew  the  more  you 
examined  their  work  with  that  of  men.  It  is  true  that 
by  far  the  greater  number  of  pieces  sent  by  women  were 
small,  but  even  they  showed  a  capacity  for  conception, 
construction,  technique,  and  individuality,  that  will  ere 
long  make  them  fully  the  equals  of  men  in  this  import- 
ant branch  of  the  arts.  And  there  were  large  pieces 
there,  too,  that  spoke  of  a  daring  that  will  soon  develop 
into  a  confidence  that  promises  well  for  future  work; 
and  this  element  was  what  the  women  sculptors  of  the 
country  lacked  more  than  any  other. 

The  placing  of  their  work  alongside  that  of  men 
will  do  much  to  increase  confidence  in  their  own  powers ; 
and  while  it  would  not  be  exact  to  say  that  the  work  of 


GROUP  JURORS  195 

the  two  sexes  was  equal  in  merit,  the  difference  was  not 
great.  For  this  reason  I  think  the  managers  did  an  ex- 
tremely wise  thing  in  not  segregating  the  work  of  the 
two  sexes,  and  in  placing  them  side  by  side  so  that 
the  weak  points  could  be  discovered  and  remedied,  and 
the  points  of  excellence  improved.  All  were  delighted 
to  see  the  advancement  women  have  made  in  sculptural 
art  in  the  past  few  years,  and  this  advancement  is  at- 
tested by  the  fact  that  they  received  one  gold,  three 
silver,  and  sixteen  bronze  medals  in  this  department 
alone. 

The  progress  they  have  made  in  the  past  ten  years 
has  been  most  gratifying,  and  they  are  certainly  pro- 
gressing more  rapidly  along  certain  lines  than  men. 
The  deficiencies  and  points  of  weakness  brought  out  by 
this  exhibition  will  soon  be  overcome,  and  as  women 
have  become  convinced  that  natural  endowment  does  not 
fit  men  for  greater  work  than  women,  they  will  evolve 
grander  themes  than  heretofore.  And  by  the  firmness 
with  which  woman  in  art  is  already  treading  this  up- 
ward path,  she  is  convincing  others  that  another  road 
exists  than  that  which  their  feet  knew. 

It  is  positive  that  the  encouragement  given  to  man 
on  account  of  his  physical  prowess,  by  both  men  and 
women,  has  had  a  psychological  effect  in  helping  him 
to  evolve  ideas,  and  to  carry  them  out  in  tangible  form. 
Women  will  be  helped  to  a  large  extent  only  by  women; 
they  must  not  wait  for  that  help  that  has  been  given 
man.  They  must  do  the  work  that  comes  to  their  con- 
sciousness, or  that  which  is  given  them  to  do,  without 
question  or  hesitation.  There  should  not  be  any  doubt, 
or  leaning  on  any  seeming  staff.  Women  are  the  origi- 


196  REPORT 

nators,  the  creators  of  spiritual  and  material  progress, 
and  must  not  be  fearful  in  expressing  themselves.  The 
female  mind  is  more  refined,  more  delicate,  thus  receiv- 
ing truer  perceptions  than  man's.  The  sensitiveness  of 
the  woman  nature  is  of  much  advantage  in  any  artistic 
endeavor. 

The  fine  arts,  Music,  Poetry,  Painting,  and  Sculp- 
ture, have  been  the  educators  of  nations.  Now  that 
woman's  thought  is  finding  greater  expression,  their 
mental  and  moral  influence  on  both  sexes  will  be  great; 
and  as  such  expositions  are  world-wide  educators,  the 
beneficent  influence  of  women  as  co-workers  and  prac- 
tical idealists  is  above  and  beyond  computation  as  a 
proper  exposition  attraction.  It  was  a  great  surprise 
to  the  millions  of  people  who  saw  the  excellence  of  tal- 
ent that  was  shown  by  the  women  artists,  and  the  fact 
that  women  did  it  elevated  the  sentiment  and  appre- 
ciation of  art.  Indeed,  without  the  work  of  women 
officially  organized,  and  as  individuals,  it  could  not  have 
reached,  as  it  did,  the  height  of  success. 

Group  12,  Miss  Rose  Weld,  Newport  News,  Va., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Architecture,"  the  four 
classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented:  Draw- 
ings, models,  and  photographs  of  completed  buildings. 
Designs  and  projects  of  buildings.  (Designs  other  than 
of  architectural  or  constructive  engineering.)  Draw- 
ings, models,  and  photographs  of  artistic  architectural 
details.  Mosaics;  leaded  and  mosaic  glass. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  in  this  department  the  extent 
in  which  women  share  in  the  kind  of  work  represented 


GROUP  JURORS  197 

in  this  group  was  not  demonstrated.  While  there  are 
not  many  women  architects  of  buildings  as  yet,  it  is  be- 
lieved that  the  number  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  within 
the  past  ten  years  it  has  been  discovered  that  their 
aptitude  for  designing  and  working  in  leaded  glass  is  of 
the  highest,  their  artistic  tendencies  rendering  them 
peculiarly  adapted  to  this  kind  of  work. 

Miss  Weld  reports  as  follows :  — 

In  this  department  there  were  only  two  women 
exhibitors,  both  Americans.  The  English  and  French 
exhibits  were  not  open  for  competition,  but,  so  far  as 
I  could  find  out,  there  were  no  exhibits  by  women 
from  either  of  these  countries. 

One  of  the  American  women  exhibited,  as  an 
architect,  some  attractive  plans  and  interior  views  for 
a  farmhouse.  The  other,  as  a  landscape  architect,  some 
photographs  of  garden  scenes. 

This  last  exhibit  was  the  more  striking  of  the  two, 
as  it  showed  that  in  the  last  few  years  women  had  made 
inroads  into  another  profession  hitherto  left  to  the 
men. 

Miss  Brown  only  finished  her  studies  in  landscape 
architecture  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology in  1903,  where  she  was  one  of  the  first  three 
women  to  take  the  course,  —  a  course  only  established 
within  the  last  few  years,  —  so  that  there  has  not  been 
much  time  in  which  to  show  what  women  can  do  in  the 
profession.  It  is  but  a  step  from  private  gardens  to 
public  parks  and  grounds. 

Until  lately  the  laying  out  of  the  grounds  has  been 


198  REPORT 

left  to  the  landscape  gardener,  after  the  house  and  other 
buildings  have  been  completed  by  the  architect.  It  is 
the  idea  of  the  landscape  architect,  as  I  understand  it, 
to  consider  both  elements  in  the  original  design,  instead 
of  leaving  them  to  the  different  tastes  of  the  architect 
and  landscape  gardener,  in  the  hope  of  having  a  more 
harmonious  result. 

Though  both  the  exhibits  mentioned  above  were 
appreciated  in  their  classes,  I  cannot  help  thinking  that 
not  enough  attention  was  paid  to  the  way  they  were 
presented,  especially  in  the  case  of  the  garden  scenes. 
Six  little  photographs  mounted  in  one  frame  did  not 
show  to  the  advantage  or  make  the  impression  that 
the  working  drawings  and  one  large  photograph  of  the 
result  would  have  made. 

As  the  work  of  men  and  women  must  stand  side  by 
side  in  the  world,  the  proper  way  is  to  exhibit  it  on 
terms  of  equal  comparison,  as  was  done  at  St.  Louis. 
If  the  work  is  better  than  the  men's,  so  much  the  more 
glory;  if  not  so  good,  it  ought  to  arouse  ambition. 

It  was  a  great  disappointment  to  see  such  a  small 
exhibit  by  women  in  this  department,  —  a  department 
where  such  creditable  work  has  been  done  by  women 
in  this  country,  and  if  there  had  been  at  all  a  just  repre- 
sentation, I  am  sure  it  would  have  been  a  great  surprise 
to  some  of  the  foreign  visitors.  I  hope  the  other  depart- 
ments were  better  represented. 

Group  14,  Mrs.  Eugene  Field,  Buena  Park,  111.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "  Original  Objects  of  Art 

Workmanship,"    the   eight  classes   into  which  it  was 

divided  represented :  Art  work  in  glass  (other  than  that 


GROUP  JURORS  199 

which  is  included  in  Group  12).  Art  work  in  earthen- 
ware; pottery  or  porcelain.  Art  work  in  metal  (other 
than  that  included  in  Group  11).  Art  work  in  leather. 
Art  work  in  wood  (other  than  that  included  in  Group 
11).  Art  work  in  textiles.  Artistic  book-binding.  Art 
work  not  covered  by  any  other  group. 

No  report. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Mrs.  Field  felt  unable  to 
make  any  report  on  this  group,  which  so  self-evidently 
must  have  contained  much  work  done  at  least  in  part 
by  women.  It  is  well  known  that  they  have,  within  the 
past  few  years,  entered  the  field  of  artistic  book-binding 
with  the  most  gratifying  success,  that  they  excel  in  art 
work  in  textiles,  and  are  proficient  in  art  work  in  leather. 

Department  C,  Liberal  Arts,  Col.  John  A.  Ocher- 
son,  Chief,  comprised  13  Groups  and  116  Classes,  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  being  represented  in  but  three 
of  the  groups. 

Group  16,  Miss  Frances  B.  Johnston,  Washington, 

D.  C.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Photography,"  the  two 
classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented:  (Equip- 
ment, processes  and  products.)  Materials,  instruments 
and  apparatus  of  photography;  equipment  of  photo- 
graphic studios.  Negative  and  positive  photography 
on  glass,  paper,  wood,  cloth,  films,  enamel,  etc.  Photo- 
gravure in  intaglio  and  in  relief;  photocollography, 
photolithography.  Stereoscopic  prints.  Enlarged  and 


200  REPORT 

micrographic  photographs.  Color  photography.  Direct, 
indirect,  and  photo-color  printing.  Scientific  and  other 
applications  of  photography.  Artistic  photography  as 
applied  to  portraiture,  landscapes,  etc. 

Miss  Johnston  says :  — 

There  were  comparatively  few  women  exhibitors 
whose  work  was  passed  upon  by  our  Group  Jury,  but 
notwithstanding  this  fact,  the  work  of  the  women  ranked 
very  high,  and  was  fully  recognized  in  the  awards.  In 
this  regard  I  do  not  venture  to  base  any  report  to  you 
on  my  memory  alone,  and  I  have,  so  far,  been  unsuc- 
cessful in  getting  any  official  list  of  the  awards  made. 

Group   17,   Mrs.   Horace   S.   Smith,   Chicago,   111., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Books  and  Publications, 
Book-binding,"  the  seven  classes  into  which  it  was 
divided  represented :  (Equipment  and  products.)  News- 
papers, reviews,  and  other  periodicals.  Collections  of 
books,  forming  special  libraries.  New  books  and  new 
editions  of  old  books.  Drawings,  atlases,  albums. 
Musical  publications.  Equipment,  processes,  and  pro- 
ducts of  making  stitched  books  and  of  book-binding. 
Specimens  of  bindings,  stamping,  embossing,  gilding,  etc. 

No  report. 

That  the  work  of  women  entered  into  the  nature  of 
the  exhibit  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  Exposition 
Company  granted  the  Board  representation  upon  it, 


GROUP  JURORS  201 

and  one  has  but  to  step  into  any  large  bindery  to  see 
scores  of  women  busily  engaged  in  the  various  depart- 
ments, from  folding  the  printed  sheets  to  laying  on  the 
gold-leaf;  on  newspapers  the  range  of  their  work  is 
from  type-setting  to  editor-in-chief,  and  no  library  seems 
to  exist  at  the  present  time  without  one  or  more  women 
on  its  working  staff. 

Group  18,  Mrs.  W.  M.  Woolwine,  Nashville,  Tenn., 
Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Maps  and  Apparatus 
for  Geography,  Cosmography,  Topography,"  the  four 
classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented:  Maps, 
charts,  and  atlases;  geographical,  geological,  hydro- 
graphical,  astronomical,  etc.  Physical  maps  of  all  kinds, 
topographical  maps,  flat  or  in  relief.  Terrestrial  and 
celestial  globes;  statistical  works  and  tables.  Tables 
and  nautical  almanacs  for  the  use  of  astronomers,  sur- 
veyors, and  seamen. 

Mrs.  Woolwine  writes :  — 

Having  served  as  Juror  in  Group  18  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Liberal  Arts  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition, it  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  make  for  you  the 
best  report  I  can]  on  woman's  work,  my  knowledge  of 
most  of  which  has  been  obtained  from  outside  sources, 
as  by  neither  registration  nor  cataloguing  was  there  any 
differentiation  between  the  work  of  man  and  woman. 

There  were  two  very  large  relief  maps  of  New 
Orleans  and  the  levee  system  of  the  Mississippi  River^ 
which  were  the  work  of  Miss  Jennie  Wilde,  of  New 


202  REPORT 

Orleans,  and,  while  they  rank  low  in  the  final  prize 
award,  attracted  a  great  deal  of  attention  and  admira- 
tion. Comparatively  speaking,  I  think  this  work  much 
more  ambitious  than  that  heretofore  undertaken  by  a 
woman  along  this  line,  and  it  should  prove  a  stimulus  to 
woman  in  a  new  field.  I  could  not  see  that  results  would 
have  been  better  if  their  work  had  been  separately  ex- 
hibited. 

So  far  as  I  know,  manufacturers  were  not  then  asked 
to  state  the  percentage  of  woman's  work  which  entered 
into  their  special  exhibits;  nor  were  they,  as  a  rule, 
shown  in  such  manner  as  to  indicate  in  any  way  which 
part  was  performed  by  woman,  and  which  by  man. 
The  grand  prize  work,  I  am  informed  by  the  Rand, 
McNally  Company,  was  nearly  half  performed  by 
women;  certainly  45  per  cent,  of  it.  In  this  the  skill 
and  ingenuity  displayed  and  the  originality  was  not 
separable  from  that  of  her  co-laborers. 

Group  18,  which  consisted  of  geographical  work  in 
general,  was  hardly  a  fair  test  of  woman's  skill,  survey- 
ing and  engineering  having  been  considered  out  of  her 
line.  Therefore,  I  consider  the  one  exhibit  by  woman 
a  step  forward  along  a  new  line,  a  willingness  to  com- 
pass great  things,  an  evidence  of  woman's  ambition  and 
desire  to  succeed,  —  but  with  her  past  education  and 
opportunities  inadequate  for  equal  competition. 

If  I  may  suggest,  it  will  be  greatly  to  our  interest 
that  women  should  have  their  work  so  catalogued  that 
they  may  have  credit  for  what  labor  they  perform.  No 
doubt,  much  work  is  done  in  map-making  by  women, 
but  no  mention  of  it  is  catalogued,  or  credit  for  its 
excellence  asked  by  them. 

It  seems  to  me  that  a  committee  to  investigate  these 


GROUP  JURORS  203 

questions  at  the  beginning  of  each  great  exposition,  or 
at  the  time  of  the  placing  of  the  exhibits,  would  be  of 
very  great  statistical  value  in  determining  the  amount 
of  labor  and  the  degree  of  skill  exercised  by  woman  in 
these  departments. 

The  art  of  embroidery  has  always  been  supposed  to 
be  one  peculiarly  belonging  to  women,  but  that  the  men 
at  least  occasionally  invade  the  field  of  her  occupations 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  large  Japanese  and  Chinese 
maps  exhibited  in  the  Transportation  Building  were 
both  done  by  men;  they  showed  exquisite  workman- 
ship, particularly  the  embroidered  one. 

The  letter  Miss  Wilde  herself  has  written,  in  regard 
to  the  work  on  her  relief  map  of  the  levee  system, 
may  be  of  interest,  as  this  certainly  represents  a  new 
field  of  labor  for  women.  It  counted  one  more  gold  medal 
in  the  awards. 

"All  of  the  work  on  my  relief  maps  was  done  by 
'woman,'  my  sister  assisting  me  greatly.  On  account 
of  the  limited  time  I  had  to  finish  the  maps  in,  I  was 
unable  to  finish  them  entirely  myself,  so  had  to  employ 
assistants,  but  in  each  case  it  was  the  hand  of  woman. 
I  received  a  gold  medal  for  my  work,  or  rather,  my  work 
received  a  gold  medal,  —  it  being  an  order  from  the 
State  of  Louisiana,  and  forming  a  part  of  their  exhibit, 
the  medal  had  to  become  the  property  of  the  State. 

Surveying  and  engineering  I  have  never  studied 
except  in  the  making  of  these  maps,  when  every  assist- 
ance in  regard  to  data,  etc.,  was  given  me  by  the  most 
noted  state  and  city  engineers,  they  coming  from  time 
to  time  to  supervise  the  work,  and  laughingly  saying, 
when  I  had  completed  the  same,  that  they  would  have 


204  REPORT 

to  give  me  a  diploma  for  proficiency  in  the  profession. 
Of  course  I  had  to  read  up  and  learn  a  great  deal  in 
regard  to  surveying  and  engineering  in  making  the 
maps,  as  everything  is  done  correctly  to  a  scale." 

Department  D,  Manufactures,  Mr.  Milan  H.  Hul- 
bert,  Chief,  comprised  24  Groups  and  231  Classes,  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  being  represented  in  but 
seven  groups. 

This  would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  departments  where 
women  should  have  been  accorded  fuller  recognition. 
Space  does  not  permit  an  examination  of  the  number 
of  Groups  into  which  their  work  largely  enters,  but,  in 
the  Group  of  Clock  and  Watch-making,  for  instance, 
it  would  seem  scarcely  just  not  to  grant  them  their  full 
measure  of  praise  for  work  well  done.  In  one  factory 
alone  in  Massachusetts,  where  more  than  3000  persons 
are  employed,  hundreds  of  them  are  women  and  girls, 
engaged  not  only  in  assembling  the  parts,  but  attend- 
ing various  machines.  Under  the  Group  "Toys,"  also, 
"Dolls,  playthings,"  —  it  is  self-evident  women  must 
have  much  to  do  with  their  manufacture  and  prepara- 
tion for  the  market,  and  their  inventions  of  toys  and 
playthings  for  children  would  seem  preeminently  to 
entitle  them  to  the  place  in  this  Group  which  was  de- 
nied them. 

Group  37,  Mrs.   R.   A.   Edgerton,   Milwaukee,  Wis., 

Juror. 

Under  the  heading  "Decoration  and  fixed  furniture 
of  Buildings  and  Dwellings,"  the  nine  classes  into  which 


GROUP  JURORS  205 

it  was  divided  represented:  Permanent  Decoration 
of  Public  Buildings  and  of  Dwellings.  Plans,  drawings, 
and  models  of  permanent  decoration.  Carpentry; 
models  of  framework,  roof -work,  vaults,  domes,  wooden 
partitions,  etc.  Ornamental  joiner-work;  doors,  win- 
dows, panels,  inlaid  floors,  organ-cases,  choir-stalls,  etc. 
Permanent  decorations  in  marble,  stone,  plaster,  papier- 
mache,  carton  pierre,  etc.  Ornamental  carvings  and 
pyrographics.  Ironwork  and  locksmith's  work  applied 
to  decoration;  grill-work  and  doors  in  cast  or  wrought 
iron;  doors  and  balustrades  in  bronze;  roof  decoration 
in  lead,  copper,  zinc,  dormers,  spires,  finials,  vanes; 
crest  and  ridge  work.  Decorative  paintings  on  stone, 
wood,  metal,  canvas,  or  other  surfaces.  Signs  of  all 
varieties.  Mosaic  decorations  in  stone  or  marble  for 
flooring;  enameled  mosaic  for  walls  and  vaulted  sur- 
faces. Various  applications  of  ceramics  to  the  perma- 
nent decoration  of  public  buildings  and  dwellings. 

As  much  time  was  consumed  in  endeavoring  to  com- 
municate with  the  Principal  appointed  in  this  Group, 
Mrs.  Edgerton  as  Alternate  did  not  arrive  in  St.  Louis 
until  the  work  of  the  Jury  was  far  advanced,  and, 
therefore,  could  make  no  report. 

Group  45,  Mrs.  Isaac  Boyd,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Juror. 
Under  the  Group  heading  "Ceramics,"  the  thirteen 
classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented:  (Raw 
materials,  equipment,  processes,  and  products.)  Raw 
materials,  particularly  chemical  products  used  in  ce- 
ramic industrials.  Equipment  and  methods  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  earthenware;  machines  for  turning, 
pressing,  and  moulding  earthenware;  machines  for 


206  REPORT 

making  brick,  roofing-tile,  drain-tile,  and  pottery  for 
building  purposes ;  furnaces,  kilns,  muffles,  and  baking- 
apparatus;  appliances  for  preparing  and  grinding 
enamels.  Various  porcelains.  Biscuit  of  porcelain  and 
of  earthenware.  Earthenware  of  white  or  colored  body, 
with  transparent  or  tin  glazes.  Faience.  Earthenware 
and  terra  cotta  for  agricultural  purposes;  paving-tiles, 
enameled  lava.  Stoneware,  plain  and  decorated.  Tiles, 
plain,  encaustic,  and  decorated ;  mosaics,  bricks,  paving- 
bricks,  pipes.  Fireproof  materials.  Statuettes,  groups, 
and  ornaments  in  terra  cotta.  Enamels  applied  to  ce- 
ramics. Mosaics  of  clay  or  of  enamel.  Mural  designs; 
borders  for  fireplaces  and  mantels. 

No  report. 

Group  53  (later  combined  with  Group  61),  Mrs.  F.  K. 
Bowes,  Chicago,  111.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  of  "Equipment  and  Pro- 
cesses used  in  Sewing  and  Making  Wearing  Apparel," 
the  nine  classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented: 
Common  implements  used  in  needlework.  Machines 
for  cutting  clothes,  skins,  and  leathers.  Machines  for 
sewing,  stitching,  hemming,  embroidering,  etc.  Ma- 
chines for  making  button-holes;  for  sewing  gloves, 
leather,  boots  and  shoes,  etc.;  plaiting  straw  for 
hats.  Tailor's  geese  and  flatirons.  Busts  and  figures 
for  trying  on  garments.  Machines  for  preparing 
separate  parts  of  boots  and  shoes  (stamping,  mould- 
ing, etc.).  Machines  for  lasting,  pegging,  screwing, 
nailing.  Machines  for  making  hats  of  straw,  felt, 
etc. 


GROUP  JURORS 
Mrs.  Bowes  writes  as  follows :  — 


207 


AMALGAMATION  OF  GROUPS  53  AND  61 


Chairman, 

Honorary  Vice-President, 

First  Vice-President, 

Second  Vice-President, 

Secretary, 

Secretary, 


Daniel  C.  Nugent,  St.  Louis. 

Jean  Mouilbeau,  Paris,  France. 

John  Sheville  Capper,  Chicago. 

J.  E.  Wilson,  Elmwood,  HI. 

Charles  W.  Farmer,  New  York  City. 

Ella  E.  Lane  Bowes,  Chicago,  EL, 
elected  by  the  Jury  to  fill  the  place  of  Secretary  Charles  Farmer,  owing  to 
his  having  been  called  to  New  York  City. 


Chairman, 
Vice  Chairman, 
Secretary, 


Chairman, 
Secretary, 


GROUP  53 
J.  E.  Wilson, 
Charles  E.  Moore, 
Ella  E.  Lane  Bowes, 
Mary  C.  Harrow, 
Matilda  Ripberger, 

GROUP  61 

John  Sheville  Capper, 
M.  Blum, 
M.  Mouilbeau, 
Eugene  Leonard, 
Fred  L.  Rossback, 
W.  E.  McClelland, 
M.  Magai, 
Celia  Nelson, 
Nellie  Saxton, 
Ella  E.  Lane  Bowes, 


Elmwood,  111. 
Brockton,  Mass. 
Chicago,  HI. 
Ottumwa,  Iowa. 
Dresden,  Germany. 


Chicago,  HI. 
Paris,  France. 
Paris,  France. 
Paris,  France. 
Chicago,  HI. 
New  York  City. 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Brazil. 
Chicago,  HI. 


GROUP  53 

Group  53  was  composed  of  two  men  and  two  women 
jurors,  viz.  the  Chairman  and  Vice-Chairman,  men,  the 
secretary,  the  writer,  an  American  and  a  German  woman. 


208  REPORT 

Group  53  was  composed  of  equipments,  processes, 
etc. 

Class  326.    Common  implements  used  in  needlework. 
Class  327.    Machines   for   cutting  clothes,  skirts,  and 

leathers. 
Class  328.    Machines  for  sewing,  stitching,  hemming, 

embroidering,  etc. 
Class  329.    Machines    for    making    button-holes;    for 

sewing  gloves,  leather,  boots  and  shoes, 

etc.;  plaiting  straw  for  hats. 
Class  330.    Tailor's  geese  and  flatirons. 
Class  331.    Busts  and  figures  for  trying  on  garments. 
Class  332.    Machines  for  preparing  separate  parts  of 

boots  and  shoes.    (Stamping,  moulding, 

etc.) 
Class  333.    Machines  for  lasting,   pegging,   screwing, 

nailing. 
Class  334.    Machines  for  making  hats  of  straw,  felt, 

etc. 

In  this  group  of  nine  classes  there  were  no  distinctive 
exhibits  by  women,  but  the  outcome  of  their  skillful 
labor  on  the  wonderful  machines  was  purely  their  own 
and  well  displayed. 

The  most  practical  exhibit  of  women's  work  was  the 
finished  product  of  sewing  machines  in  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  sections. 

The  Singer  Sewing  Machine  exhibit  furnished  the 
best  display  in  the  group.  The  work  was  very  fine  in 
detail,  done  by  skilled  artisans. 

Among  the  work  in  the  homely  arts  were  shoes,  cor- 
sets, underwear,  and  skillful  darning.  The  manufacture 
of  these  useful  articles  proved  interesting. 


GROUP  JURORS  209 

In  the  beauty  arts  were  displayed  embroideries  and 
fancy  monograms,  a  skilled  workman  demonstrating  a 
machine  that  would  produce  twelve  monograms  at  one 
time  in  elaborate  embroidery;  in  fact,  the  machines 
seemed  as  human  as  the  workers  themselves;  although 
they  were  not  talkers,  they  were  "  Singers." 

Among  the  notable  exhibits  in  this  group  was  the 
attractive  display  of  paper  patterns. 

The  Butterick  Pattern  Company  exhibited  on  life- 
size  wax  figures  the  evolution  of  dress  during  the  past 
one  hundred  years,  true  to  the  fashions  of  each  decade 
in  style,  color  of  dress,  and  bonnet. 

The  McCall  Company's  exhibit  consisted  of  life-size 
wax  figures  attired  in  paper  patterns,  up  to  date  in  all 
the  idiosyncrasies  demanded  by  fashion,  an  educational 
feature  in  this  line  of  work. 

As  a  work  of  art  the  large  and  handsome  display  of 
paper  costumes  has  never  been  equaled.  No  such  dis- 
play of  costumes,  representing  lace,  velvet,  linen,  silk, 
cloth,  etc.,  all  made  in  paper,  has  ever  been  seen  any- 
where in  the  world  prior  to  this  exhibit;  and  this  work 
of  art  was  the  handicraft  of  women. 

In  the  Homer  Young  Company's  Sewing  Machine 
the  demand  and  supply  for  women's  comfort  was  again 
called  out  in  the  combined  dressing-table  and  sewing 
machine,  a  good  invention  for  flats,  the  fad  of  the  day, 
that  was  designed  for  convenience. 

The  electric  flatirons  were  certainly  an  advance  in  the 
right  direction. 

A  great  time-saver  was  the  "Universal  Button  Fas- 
tener," "guaranteed  not  to  come  off." 

In  some  departments  of  manufacture  exhibits  the 


210  &EPORT 

percentage  of  woman's  labor  was  said  to  be  ten  per 
cent. ;  the  wax  figure  department  seventy-five  per  cent. ; 
in  operating  sewing  machines  for  the  manufacture  of 
wearing  apparel,  etc.,  the  percentage  is  about  ninety. 
Operation  of  sewing  machines  and  kindred  industries 
have  reached  about  as  high  a  state  of  perfection  as  pos- 
sible. The  same  holds  good  in  regard  to  the  Singer  Sew- 
ing Machines  of  Great  Britain.  Their  output  is  larger 
for  machines  for  the  manufacture  of  embroideries,  lace, 
saddlery,  leather,  top  boots,  sewings,  and  upholstery. 
A  specialty  of  machine  work  was  their  fine  hemstitch- 
ing. Perhaps  the  attractiveness  of  the  Singer  Sewing 
Machine  exhibits  was  owing  largely  to  the  fact  that  they 
were  shown  in  motion. 

Germany's  sewing  machines'  product  showed  great 
skill  in  workmanship. 

Lintz  and  Eckardt,  Berlin,  displayed  the  output  of 
eight  styles  of  embroidery  machines,  ribbon  plaiting,  and 
a  three-needle  machine  with  band  apparatus,  which 
turned  out  wonderful  work  of  bead  and  silk  embroider- 
ies on  silk  and  other  fabrics. 

The  many  dress-cutting  and  ladies'  tailoring  systems, 
again  the  inventions  of  man,  are  perhaps  among  the 
most  useful  in  women's  work  to-day,  in  teaching  dress- 
cutting  from  a  perfect  system  and  greatly  assisting  in 
the  work  of  drafting  garments  from  actual  measure- 
ments. It  is  a  time-saver,  and  is  so  constructed  as  to 
follow  the  changes  in  fashion,  and  women  can  by  their 
use  become  expert  workmen  and  display  artistic  skill. 
A  great  advancement  has  been  made  along  this  line  of 
work  during  the  past  ten  years,  or  since  the  last  exposi- 
tion; not  only  from  a  practical  standpoint,  but  as  an 


GROUP  JURORS  211 

educational  feature,  especially  in  rural  districts;  for 
through  their  schools,  conducted  through  correspond- 
ence, they  have  enabled  women  throughout  the  coun- 
try to  learn  dressmaking  and  to  keep  in  close  touch  with 
the  styles  of  the  world. 

The  McDowell  system,  for  manufacturing  purposes, 
is  superior,  and  under  a  skilled  workman  is  most 
correct. 

The  Edward  Curran  drafting-machines  are  useful  for 
the  novice,  good  on  account  of  their  simplicity,  being 
more  portable  on  account  of  folding  into  a  small  com- 
pass. The  same  can  be  said  of  the  Valentine  system. 

In  this  Group  there  was  no  installation  by  foreign 
women. 

In  Group  53  there  was  nothing  unusual  displayed 
that  would  lead  one  to  think  that  women  were  more 
capable  of  executing  more  advanced  work  than  they 
accomplished  eleven  years  ago. 

In  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  woman's  work 
was  installed  in  such  a  manner,  not  being  specified,  that 
one  could  not  tell  where  her  work  began  and  where  it 
left  off.  As  to  the  appreciation  of  women's  work,  it  was 
taken  as  a  whole,  and  was  judged  as  a  work  of  mankind. 
Women's  work  and  men's  work  of  to-day  would  be  hard 
to  separate.  Perhaps  if  women's  work  could  be  brought 
out  more  prominently  it  would  be  better  for  them.  No 
work  was  displayed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  enable  one 
to  distinguish  between  the  two.  In  the  manufacture  of 
personal  effects,  the  larger  proportion  was  women's 
work. 

No  woman  received  an  award  in  Group  53,  to  my 
knowledge. 


212  REPORT 

As  has  been  said  before,  the  operation  of  machines 
is  especially  women's  work.  Women  were  not  the 
inventors,  but  they  displayed  ingenuity  and  skill  in 
the  operation,  application.  Although  they  are  not  the 
original  inventors,  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  many 
improvements  are  women's  suggestions.  Their  working 
at  the  machines  and  the  ingenuity  and  taste  displayed 
in  the  choice  of  work  was  of  marked  value  as  an  expo- 
sition attraction. 


GROUP   61. -VARIOUS  INDUSTRIES  CONNECTED   WITH 
CLOTHING 

(Processes  and  Products) 

Class  383.  Hats;  hats  of  felt,  wool,  straw,  silk;  caps, 
trimmings  for  hats. 

Class  384.  Artificial  flowers  for  dressing  the  hair,  for 
dress,  and  for  all  other  uses.  Feathers. 
Millinery.  Hair :  coiffures,  wigs,  switches. 

Class  385.  Shirts  and  underclothing  for  men,  women, 
and  children. 

Class  386.  Hosiery  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  and  floss  silk, 
etc.;  knitted  hosiery,  cravats,  and  neck- 
ties. 

Class  387.    Corsets  and  corset-fittings. 

Class  388.    Elastic   goods,    suspenders,  garters,  belts. 

Class  389.    Canes,  whips,   riding   whips,    sunshades, 
parasols,  umbrellas. 

Class  390.  Buttons;  buttons  of  china,  metal,  cloth, 
silk,  mother-of-pearl,  or  other  shell,  ivory- 
nut,  horn,  bone,  papier-mache",  etc. 


GROUP  JURORS  213 

Class   391.     Buckles,  eyelets,  hooks  and  eyes,  pins, 

needles,  etc. 
Class  392.    Fans  and  hand  screens. 

Owing  to  Mr.  Farmer  being  called  to  his  home,  Mrs. 
Ella  E.  Lane  Bowes,  secretary  of  Group  53,  served  as 
secretary  of  Group  61  also. 

Group  61  was  composed  of  eleven  individuals,  seven 
men  and  four  women,  with  an  American  for  chairman, 
and  a  Frenchman  for  secretary,  and  two  Vice-Chairmen. 

Group  61  contained  thirty  classes.  Within  this  group 
there  was  no  especial  exhibit  by  women,  although  their 
work  stood  out  in  prominence. 

The  most  striking  display  was  the  corset  display  of 
Birdsey  and  Sumers,  of  New  York.  The  corsets  were 
shown  on  wax  half-size  figures,  the  color  scheme  being 
carried  out  in  detail  to  match  the  corset.  The  most  prom- 
inent figure  was  one  done  in  white  satin  and  real  lace 
with  jewel  clasps,  etc.  This  display  from  its  artistic  ar- 
rangement and  elegant  materials  was  in  conformity 
with  the  French  exhibits.  With  the  exception  of  the 
jewels,  it  was  purely  of  American  production;  and  the 
arrangement  and  display  of  the  exhibit  were  due  to  an 
American  woman,  an  employee  of  the  manufacturer. 

Another  notable  display  was  that  of  Kops  Brothers, 
of  New  York.  They  exhibited  the  "Nemo"  corset  and 
the  "Smart  Set,"  in  an  artistic  manner.  The  arrange- 
ment of  this  display  was  also  due  to  a  woman. 

Strouse-Adler  and  Company,  New  York  City,  showed 
a  practical  exhibit  of  what  was  termed  by  the  exposi- 
tion officials  a  "  Live  Exhibit,"  manufacturing  garments 
from  start  to  finish,  and  was  an  attractive  display.  These 
demonstrations  were  by  women. 


214  REPORT 

In  the  exhibit  of  the  American  Hosiery  Company, 
New  Britain,  Conn.,  the  goods  were  up  to  the  high 
standard  of  the  "Grand  Prix." 

The  Lewis  Knitting  Company,  Janesville,  Wis., 
made  an  attractive  display,  and  the  writer  was  told  at 
this  exhibit  that  the  garments  were  brought  to  a  high 
state  of  perfection  through  the  ingenuity  of  Mrs.  Lewis. 

The  Wayne  Knitting  Mills,  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
made  a  very  beautiful  display  of  fine  knit  goods,  the 
work  of  women. 

The  Kleinert  Rubber  Company,  New  York  City, 
made  an  artistic  display  of  fancy  things,  and  were  as- 
sisted in  the  arrangement  of  same  by  a  woman.  This 
exhibit  should  have  special  mention  for  having  had 
everything  in  place  and  on  time  before  opening  day, 
which  could  not  be  said  of  many  others.  I  was  told  that 
here  also  many  of  the  improvements  were  the  sugges- 
tions of  women. 

Many  of  the  finest  exhibits  in  this  group  were  ladies' 
lingerie.  There  were  very  many  creditable  exhibits  of 
women's  underwear,  the  work  of  their  hands,  and  mar- 
velous creations  in  bead  embroidery,  lace,  and  artificial 
flowers. 

A  most  brilliant  display  was  made  by  the  Rosenthal- 
Sloan  Millinery  Company,  consisting  of  artificial  flowers, 
manufactured  by  women.  This  artistic  display  was  said 
to  have  been  suggested  and  carried  out  in  detail  by  a 
woman.  A  unique  feature  of  this  display  was  a  map 
of  the  United  States,  each  state  being  formed  with  its 
adopted  flower,  the  states  being  outlined  in  goldenrod, 
the  proposed  national  flower. 

The  writer  understood  that  in  some  of  the  underwear 


GROUP  JURORS  215 

and  hosiery  mills  women  were  superintendents  of  de- 
partments, and  employed  in  great  numbers  in  other 
work,  the  proportion  of  women  to  men  being  between 
80  and  90  per  cent. 

The  J.  B.  Stetson  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  Perm., 
made  a  good  practical  display  of  hats,  and  in  their  line 
the  finished  product  was  equal  to  any  in  the  world,  and 
showed  great  progress  since  the  Columbian  Exposition, 
when  the  writer  had  the  pleasure  of  judging  their  ex- 
hibit. The  average  of  woman's  work  is  about  equal. 

In  this  Group  the  advancement  in  special  industries 
has  been  in  the  processes  of  women's  work,  in  the  knit 
goods  and  corsets,  which  show  greatest  improvement. 
The  creditable  work  shown  in  the  arrangement  and 
display  of  exhibits,  by  suggestions  and  carrying  out  of 
detail  by  women,  leads  one  to  think  that  women  are 
more  remarkable  along  these  lines  of  work  and  have 
accomplished  more  in  the  last  eleven  years,  since  the 
time  of  the  Chicago  Exposition,  than  at  any  time  in 
the  past. 

Their  work  was  more  individualized  in  former  expo- 
sitions, while  in  the  latter  it  was  impossible  to  draw 
comparisons  in  the  advancement  or  success  of  women's 
work,  the  work  not  being  placed  in  such  a  way  as  to 
enable  one  to  judge  whether  it  was  solely  that  of  women 
or  men.  All  work  was  exhibited  as  the  work  of  mankind 
in  general  and  could  not  be  classified  under  the  head 
of  either  women's  or  men's  work. 

Where  manufacturers  were  questioned  relative  to  the 
percentage  of  women  working  in  their  establishments, 
they  gladly  answered  the  questions. 

No  woman  received  an  award  in  this  group. 


216  REPORT 

Among  the  useful  and  distinctive  inventions  shown 
were  the  garter  supporters,  well  known  to  be  the  inven- 
tion of  a  woman. 

The  underwear  in  general,  corsets  and  accessories, 
are  more  useful  and  more  healthful  from  a  physical 
standpoint;  especially  the  corsets  of  to-day.  This  is 
an  advancement. 

There  was  more  ingenuity  displayed  in  the  installa- 
tion and  taste  in  artistic  arrangement  of  the  exhibits, 
making  them  of  greater  value  as  exposition  attractions. 
In  former  expositions,  Philadelphia  was  experimental, 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  educational,  whereas 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  was  exploitive. 

There  is  no  reason  why  women  should  not  have  a 
large  representation,  if  not  equal  with  men  in  all  expo- 
sitions. While  they  may  not  be  the  real  inventors  of  the 
machines,  devices,  etc.,  they  many  times  are  the  suggest- 
ers.  Being  the  spenders  and  buyers  for  the  home  and 
family,  they  are  more  competent  as  judges  of  merchan- 
dise of  all  kinds,  and  quicker  to  note  improvements. 

In  the  work  of  the  world,  especially  in  anything  per- 
taining to  the  home,  educational  matters,  arts  and  pro- 
fessions, women  hold  such  a  prominent  place  to-day, 
almost  exclusively  doing  the  work  in  the  manufacture 
of  articles  and  habiliments  for  creature  comforts,  that 
it  is  impossible  to  ignore  them. 

SUMMARY  OF  GROUPS   53  AND   61 
(Jury  composed  of  nineteen  persons) 

In  previous  world's  fairs  they  were  called  judges, 
but  at  this  one  they  were  "  Jurors." 


GROUP  JURORS  217 

It  would  be  well  to  dwell  upon  the  vastness  of  the 
work  accomplished  by  the  petit  jury  within  a  brief  pe- 
riod of  time ;  for  they  were  in  constant  work  for  twenty 
days  from  morning  till  night,  visiting  the  many  ex- 
hibits. Upon  examination  the  value  of  the  commodity 
or  product  was  decided  and  the  usefulness  of  the  same, 
and  comparisons  made  with  similar  exhibits;  consulta- 
tion in  jury  meetings,  where  the  many  good  points  of 
the  exhibits  were  presented  and  discussed,  and  a  final 
decision  was  reached  by  vote  of  the  jury  as  a  whole. 

The  various  machines  were  for  the  manufacture  of 
women's  habiliments,  with  the  much-needed  garment- 
drafting  machine,  which,  if  not  invented  by  women,  was 
at  their  suggestion,  and  creation  of  the  demand  for  sup- 
plies. 

The  up-to-date  paper  patterns,  wax  figures,  papier- 
mache  forms  and  milliners'  findings,  sewing  machines, 
made  the  grand  whole.  The  finished  products  were  the 
marvelous  creations  of  her  hands;  for,  as  truly  said, 
man  did  invent  these  machines,  but  women  work  and 
bring  forth  the  grand  finale;  therefore,  one  is  not  com- 
plete without  the  other.  In  all  things  it  takes  the  good 
work  of  men  and  women  to  complete  the  whole.  And 
this  applies  to  jury  work  as  well. 

From  the  writer's  experience  in  expositions  up  to 
date,  she  would  approve  the  combination  of  the  John 
Boyd  Thacher  individual  judge  and  diploma  systems, 
together  with  the  bronze,  silver,  gold,  and  grand  prix, 
which  would  be  preferable  from  an  educational  stand- 
point, and  also  to  show  to  the  world  what  the  medal  was 
given  for.  Also  the  group  or  petit  jury  doing  the  work 
should  combine  with  a  larger  jury,  and  perhaps  a  court 


218  REPORT 

of  appeal,  it  being  impossible  for  any  one  in  a  higher 
court  to  know  the  why  and  the  wherefore  of  the  workers 
of  the  petit  jury.  And  as  far  as  the  writer  could  learn, 
it  was  a  consensus  of  opinion  of  both  exhibitors  and 
jurors,  as  heretofore  stated,  that  the  opportunity  to 
hold  to  the  last  was  preferable. 

As  an  observer  of  the  workings  of  world's  fairs  from 
the  Centennial  at  Philadelphia,  and  also  being  closely 
allied  with  other  great  fairs,  having  visited  same  since 
that  time,  and  being  a  judge  heretofore,  will  repeat  the 
general  remark  of  exhibitors  and  judges  of  former  ex- 
positions: The  consensus  of  opinion  was  that  "no 
world's  fair  was  complete  without  a  jury  composed  of 
men  and  women,  a  just  representation,"  working  in 
unison  and  perfect  accord,  with  only  one  end  in  view: 
Justice  to  all. 

Group  61  (combined  with  53,  as  above),  Mrs.  A.  G. 

Harrow,  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  Juror. 
Under  the  Group  heading  "Various  Industries  con- 
nected with  Clothing,"  the  ten  classes  into  which  it  was 
divided  represented:  (Processes  and  Products.)  Hats; 
hats  of  felt,  wool,  straw,  silk;  caps,  trimmings  for  hats. 
Artificial  flowers  for  dressing  the  hair,  for  dress,  and  for 
all  other  uses.  Feathers.  Millinery.  Hair:  coiffures, 
wigs,  switches.  Shirts  and  underclothing  for  men,  women, 
and  children.  Hosiery  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  and  floss 
silk,  etc.;  knitted  hosiery;  cravats  and  neckties.  Corsets 
and  corset-fittings.  Elastic  goods,  suspenders,  garters, 
belts.  Canes,  whips,  riding-whips,  sunshades,  parasols, 
umbrellas.  Buttons ;  buttons  of  china,  metal,  cloth,  silk, 
mother-of-pearl  or  other  shell,  ivory-nut,  horn,  bone, 


GROUP  JURORS  219 

papier-mache,  etc.     Buckles,  eyelets,  hooks  and  eyes, 
pins,  needles,  etc.    Fans  and  handscreens. 

Mrs.  Harrow  reports  as  follows :  — 

The  work  of  Group  53,  of  which  I  was  a  member, 
did  not  take  us  very  extensively  among  the  women  ex- 
hibitors of  the  Exposition.  But  in  every  instance  where 
their  work  came  under  our  observation  or  inspection 
they  demonstrated  their  marked  ability  in  the  manner 
and  taste  shown  in  their  display.  And  in  some  instances 
where  their  competitors  were  men  they  proved  the  fact 
that  if  their  work  was  not  superior  it  was  at  least  equal 
to  that  of  the  men. 

In  my  opinion  it  is  better  for  women's  work  to  come 
in  competition  with  that  of  men  and  not  be  separated. 

All  women  in  general,  I  feel  sure,  must  have  been 
greatly  benefited  by  having  a  fair  representation  at  the 
Exposition,  as  it  could  not  help  but  place  a  higher 
standard  upon  all  women's  work,  and  that  work  in  par- 
ticular in  which  she  excelled. 

And  as  woman's  work  receives  benefit,  and  also  suc- 
cess, by  being  placed  on  equal  terms  of  comparison  with 
that  of  men,  so  likewise  may  man's  work  receive  helpful 
suggestions  and  real  advancement  by  being  brought 
into  competition  with  the  work  of  women. 

Group  58  (later  combined  with  Group  59),  Mrs.  E.  D. 

Wood,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Juror. 
Under  the  Group  heading  "  Laces,  Embroidery,  and 
Trimmings,"  the  seven  classes  into  which  it  was  divided 
represented:  Lace  made  by  hand;  laces,  blond  or  gui- 


220  REPORT 

pure,  wrought  on  pillow  or  with  the  needle,  or  crochet, 
made  of  flax,  cotton,  silk,  wool,  gold,  silver,  or  other 
threads.  Laces  made  by  machinery;  tulles,  plain  or 
embroidered;  imitation  lace,  blond  and  guipure,  in 
thread  of  every  kind.  Embroidery  made  by  hand;  em- 
broidery by  needle  or  crochet  with  thread  of  every  kind, 
on  all  kinds  of  grounds  (fabric,  net,  tulle,  skin,  etc.), 
including  needlework  upon  canvas  as  well  as  embroid- 
ery applique,  or  ornamented  with  gems,  pearls,  jet, 
spangles,  of  metal  or  other  material,  feathers,  shells, 
etc.  Embroidery  made  by  machinery,  with  the  founda- 
tion preserved,  or  with  the  foundation  cut  or  burned 
away.  Trimmings;  galloons,  lace  or  braids,  fringes, 
tassels,  all  kinds  of  applique  and  ornamental  work, 
hand-made  or  woven,  for  millinery  or  garments,  ecclesi- 
astical vestments,  civil  or  military  uniforms;  for  furni- 
ture, saddlery,  carriages,  etc.;  threads  and  plates  of 
metal,  gold  or  silver,  real  or  imitation,  spangles,  chenilles, 
and  all  other  articles  used  for  trimmings.  Church 
embroidery;  church  ornaments  and  linen;  altar-cloths, 
banners,  and  other  objects  for  religious  ceremonies  in 
fabrics  ornamented  with  lace,  embroideries,  and  trim- 
mings. Curtains  with  lace,  guipure,  or  embroidery, 
upon  tulle  or  fabrics;  blinds,  screens,  portieres,  lam- 
brequins, and  other  draperies,  ornamented  with  lace, 
embroidery,  and  trimmings. 

Mrs.  Wood  writes :  — 

Our  jury  was  a  large  one,  —  about  thirty  members. 
They  came  from  France,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary, 
China,  Japan,  Great  Britain,  Mexico,  Porto  Rico;  the 


GROUP   JURORS  221 

other  members  were  Americans  and  represented  the 
different  states.  The  work  we  were  to  do  was  what 
was  known  as  "  Groups  fifty-eight  and  fifty-nine,"  and 
covered  so  much  ground  we  found  that  in  order  to  finish 
in  the  required  time  we  should  have  to  divide  our  jury, 
so  that  some  were  detailed  to  examine  embroidery, 
others  costumes,  trimming,  laces,  etc.  I  was  on  the  lace 
committee,  —  laces  made  by  hand,  wrought  on  pillows, 
by  needle  or  crochet,  silk,  wool,  gold,  silver,  or  thread, 
machine-made  laces,  imitation,  embroidered  tulles, 
and  lace  curtains.  It  would  be  impossible  to  describe 
the  beauties  of  the  lovely  laces,  the  time,  patience,  and 
labor  given  to  them.  We  examined  the  exhibits  in  the 
Manufactures'  Building,  Varied  Industries,  all  foreign 
buildings.  The  work  done  by  women  in  the  Filipino, 
Porto  Rican,  Mexican,  and  Alaskan  exhibits  was  as  fine 
in  texture  and  as  beautiful  as  imported  laces.  The  work 
in  every  instance  was  as  handsome  as  that  shown  at  the 
Chicago  World's  Fair,  but  perhaps  not  on  so  large  a  scale. 
I  was  a  member  of  a  committee  of  four  appointed  to 
adjust  the  losses  on  the  handsome  imported  costumes 
and  wraps  in  the  French  section  that  were  damaged 
during  a  wind  and  rain  storm  that  swept  over  the  Ex- 
position Grounds  during  the  summer,  and  damaged  the 
building  and  the  immense  glass  cases  containing  these 
valuable  goods,  the  loss  of  which  amounted  to  hundreds 
of  dollars  to  the  Exposition  Company. 

Group   59    (combined   with   Group   58   above),   Mrs. 

William  S.  Major,  Shelby ville,  Ind.,  Juror. 
Under  the   Group  heading   "Industries   producing 
Wearing  Apparel  for  Men,  Women,  and  Children,"  the 


222  REPORT 

? 

four  classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented: 
Clothing  to  measure  for  men  and  boys;  ordinary  cos- 
tumes, suits  for  hunting  and  riding,  leather  breeches 
and  similar  articles;  suits  for  gymnastic  uses  and  games, 
military  and  civil  uniforms,  campaign  clothing  of  spe- 
cial types,  robes  and  costumes  for  magistrates,  mem- 
bers of  the  bar,  professors,  ecclesiastics,  etc.,  liveries, 
various  costumes  for  children.  Clothing,  ready-made 
for  men  and  boys.  Clothing  to  measure  for  women 
and  girls;  dresses,  vests,  jackets,  cloaks  (made  by 
ladies'  tailors,  dressmakers,  or  cloakmakers),  riding- 
habits,  sporting  suits.  Clothing  ready-made  for  women 
and  girls.  Patterns. 

Mrs.  Major  reports  as  follows :  — 

In  Group  58,  Department  of  Manufactures,  the  pro- 
portional number  of  exhibits  by  women  contained  in 
these  classes  was  small,  —  I  should  think  about  10  per 
cent.  Groups  58  and  59  exhibited  laces,  embroideries, 
trimmings,  decorations  for  gowns,  costumesxand  wraps, 
drawn  work,  and  Tenneriffe.  Art  needlework  was  the 
most  striking  exhibit  by  women  in  that  department. 
Women  showed  great  advancement  in  each  industry, 
without  question.  Very  few  exhibits  were  installed  by 
foreign  women ;  the  foreign  costumes  were  largely  from 
the  man  tailor.  The  needlework  in  the  Visayan  Village 
of  the  Filipino  exhibit  was  of  a  very  high  order,  but 
no  provision  was  made  to  grant  awards  upon  this,  the 
Filipino  exhibit,  and  Miss  Anna  Woolf,  of  St.  Louis, 
and  I,  called  the  attention  of  the  authorities  to  the  de- 
serving character  of  the  exhibit  and  made  a  plea  for 


GROUP   JURORS  223 

awards  to  be  made  by  the  higher  jurors,  and  they  pro- 
mised to  do  so.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  was  done  or 
not,  however,  but  there  was  no  woman's  work  in  the 
whole  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  more  deserving 
or  of  higher  grade  than  the  needlework  in  that  village 
exhibit.  Enough  cannot  be  said  of  these  little  workers. 
The  present  age  is  one  of  superiority,  in  which  women 
not  only  show  their  ability,  but  each  year  they  are  granted 
more,  and  more  widespread  becomes  their  ability  to 
grasp  all  vocations  and  fill  them  most  creditably. 

I  am  confident  there  was  no  question  of  the  interest 
shown  by  men  in  woman's  work,  in  fact,  I  think  it  at- 
tracted more  visitors,  and  the  results  would  not  have 
been  better  if  their  work  had  been  separately  exhibited. 

The  work  shown  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition was  on  a  much  greater  and  higher  plane  than 
ever  has  been  exhibited  before.  Where  women  ex- 
hibited, they  received  a  greater  number  of  awards  in 
proportion.  Miss  Mary  Williamson  was  an  original 
designer  of  artistic  needlework,  showing  exceptional 
talent,  and  was  awarded  a  Grand  Prix  for  her  designs. 

I  attended  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1878,  also  the 
Centennial  at  Philadelphia,  in  1876,  spent  much  time 
at  the  Columbian  World's  Fair  in  Chicago,  and  possess 
a  diploma  and  gold  medal  for  my  artistic  needlework 
exhibited  at  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

Miss  Margaret  Summers,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  was 
also  a  juror  in  the  above  combined  Groups  58  and  59, 
and  writes :  — 

In  Group  59  the  costumes  made  by  men  were  about 
twice  as  many  as  those  made  by  women,  though  the 


224  REPORT 

handsomest  of  the  exhibits  was  the  work  of  a  woman, 
Caroline,  of  Chicago. 

All  the  work  done  by  women  showed  a  great  improve- 
ment over  that  exhibited  at  the  Chicago  Exposition, 
not  only  in  the  cut  and  design,  but  in  the  artistic  finish 
and  the  care  given  to  every  detail. 

The  handwork  was  a  special  feature  of  all  the  gar- 
ments for  women  in  the  lingerie,  gowns,  and  manteaux. 

The  most  intricate  designs  were  executed  in  a  man- 
ner betokening  the  true  artist,  and  none  but  those  edu- 
cated in  the  art  of  combining  colors,  and  in  designing, 
could  have  obtained  the  results  seen  at  St.  Louis. 

The  tendency  in  all  garments  for  women,  however, 
was  towards  the  ornate  rather  than  the  simple,  and 
with  but  few  exceptions,  every  gown,  every  wrap,  and 
all  the  lingerie  was  most  elaborate.  But  the  hand  of  the 
true  artist  was  shown  in  these  garments,  in  that  they 
were  beautiful  and  in  good  taste,  in  spite  of  their  elab- 
orateness. 

It  would  have  been  advantageous  if  the  women's 
work  had  been  arranged  separately  from  the  men's, 
because  they  would  have  attracted  more  attention  as 
a  woman's  exhibit  per  se,  and  would  therefore  have 
called  greater  attention  to  the  progress  women  have 
made  in  these  lines.  In  other  words,  the  separate  ex- 
hibit would  have  served  better  for  a  comparative  study 
of  woman's  advancement  in  the  past  ten  years. 

There  was  a  greater  variety  of  woman's  work  than 
was  shown  at  the  Chicago  Exposition,  and  that  in  itself 
showed  an  advancement.  The  greater  scope  gave  evi- 
dence of  a  broadening  influence,  and  the  women  showed 
themselves  proficient  in  all  they  undertook. 


GROUP  JURORS  225 

As  compared  with  the  work  of  men,  I  should  say  that 
the  woman's  exhibit  had  every  right  to  be  placed  side 
by  side  with  the  men's,  just  as  was  done. 

In  Group  58  was  eventually  placed  the  wonderful 
piece  of  embroidery  of  the  "Sistine  Madonna,"  the 
work  of  Miss  Ripberger,  of  Berlin.  The  linen  upon 
which  the  life-like  figures  were  wrought  was  probably 
6x8  feet  in  size,  and  in  order  to  reproduce  the  colors, 
the  silk  had  been  matched  with  the  colors  in  the  origi- 
nal painting.  The  reproduction  of  Raphael's  wonder- 
ful work  was  a  marvel  of  artistic  ability  and  patience, 
and  was  exquisitely  executed.  It  justly  deserved  the 
Grand  Prix  accorded  it. 

Department  H,  Agriculture,  Mr.  Frederic  W.  Taylor, 
Chief,  comprised  27  Groups  and  137  Classes,  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  being  represented  in  but  five 
Groups. 

Group  78,  Mrs.   W.   H.   Felton,  of  Cartersville,  Ga., 
Juror. 

Under  the  heading  of  "Farm  Equipment,  Methods 
of  Improving  Lands,"  the  three  classes  into  which  it 
was  divided  represented:  Specimens  of  various  sys- 
tems of  farming.  Plans  and  models  of  farm  buildings; 
general  arrangement;  stables,  sheep-folds,  barns,  pig- 
sties, breeding-grounds;  special  arrangements  for  breed- 
ing and  fattening  cattle;  granaries  and  silos;  furniture 
for  stables,  barns,  kennels,  etc.  Material,  and  appliances 
used  in  agricultural  engineering;  reclaiming  of  marshes; 
drainage;  irrigation. 


226  REPORT 

Mrs.  Felton  says  in  a  letter  accompanying  her  re- 
port:— 

In  accordance  with  your  official  request  I  have  pre- 
pared a  short  resume  of  the  work  as  juror  in  Group 
Jury  No.  78.  It  was  the  Central  Group,  —  I  mean,  the 
leading  Group  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  There 
were  no  exhibits  by  women,  because  we  passed  upon 
matters  so  immense  that  it  was  the  work  of  states  and 
foreign  governments,  rather  than  of  individuals,  that 
was  noted. 

Mrs.  Felton's  report  is  as  follows :  — 

I  was  selected  as  a  juror  for  Group  Jury  No.  78,  and 
entered  upon  the  duties  assigned  me,  on  September 
1,  1904. 

Group  Jury  No.  78  organized,  and  after  the  Chair- 
man and  Vice-Chairman  were  selected,  I  was  made 
Secretary,  —  which  position  I  held  until  the  minutes 
and  report  were  handed  in  to  the  office  of  Hon.  Fred. 
W.  Taylor,  Chief  of  Department  of  Agriculture,  on 
September  19. 

As  Secretary,  the  work  of  the  Group  Jury  No.  78 
came  immediately  under  my  supervision,  and  I  found 
the  work  exceedingly  pleasant,  and  my  colleagues  (all 
the  members  were  gentlemen  except  myself)  were  most 
agreeable,  and  we  concluded  our  work  without  the  least 
friction  or  antagonism  to  the  close. 

Group  No.  78  was  the  first  on  the  list,  in  the  General 
Department  of  Agriculture.  It  covered  exhibits  on  main 
lines,  —  other  groups  taking  what  I  might  term  sub- 
divisions. 


GROUP  JURORS  227 

We  examined  farm  improvement  as  related  to  in- 
ventions and  devices  which  were  intended  as  fixtures 
to  farm  buildings.  Group  No.  79  was  devoted  to  such 
exhibits  as  were  movable. 

To  illustrate:  No.  78  collected  data  and  awarded 
prizes  on  barn  gates,  doors,  hay  carriers,  silos,  wind- 
mills, pumps,  etc.,  while  No.  79  was  concerned  with 
threshers,  plows,  and  the  various  implements  which  are 
not  sold  with  farm  buildings  as  necessary  fixtures. 

Having  lived  an  active  life  on  a  Georgia  plantation 
for  fifty  years,  all  these  matters  were  of  exceeding  in- 
terest to  the  Secretary,  although  a  woman. 

Our  jury  made  an  exhaustive  examination  of  the  ex- 
hibits of  irrigation  models,  —  with  various  reports  and 
statistics,  that  were  carried  to  St.  Louis.  Germany  made 
the  finest  exhibit,  as  to  number  and  completeness,  and 
I  feel  sure  there  never  has  been  such  a  far-reaching 
display  of  irrigation  methods  in  the  United  States  be- 
fore. I  was  intimately  connected  with  the  Columbian 
Exposition,  as  a  Lady  Manager  from  Georgia,  and 
Chairman  of  the  Woman's  Executive  Committee  in 
the  Cotton  States  and  International  Exposition,  and 
I  feel  I  speak  advisedly  when  I  say  that  nothing  I  have 
ever  seen  compares  with  the  agricultural  exhibits  of 
the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  as  uncovered  to  my  view  in 
performing  the  duties  of  a  juror,  especially  in  regard  to 
the  greatest  problem  of  the  twentieth  century,  namely, 
in  regard  to  irrigation,  and  its  future  possibilities,  for 
our  various  States  and  Territories.  You  will  under- 
stand, of  course,  women  had  no  part  in  the  various 
governmental  works,  where  land  has  been  reclaimed 
and  converted  into  the  finest  farming  lands  known  to 


228  REPORT 

this  era,  but  in  the  results  which  followed  such  reclama- 
tion the  farmer's  wife  and  daughter  has  been  seen  and 
felt  everywhere,  although  no  percentage  of  women's 
work  was  noted  in  the  exhibits  examined  by  Group 
Jury  No.  78. 

Germany,  Italy,  Belgium,  and  France  were  prominent, 
and  the  States  of  Utah,  Montana,  California,  and  Louis- 
iana gave  most  satisfactory  evidences  of  advanced  pro- 
gress in  farming  methods  by  irrigation. 

In  the  Belgian  Exhibit  we  were  shown  the  beautiful 
and  remarkable  flax,  grown  in  the  irrigated  districts, 
the  material  from  which  the  finest  lace,  known  as  the 
Brussels  product,  is  constructed.  If  the  investigation 
had  been  pursued  to  the  limit,  every  benefit  or  profit, 
or  financial  opportunity  resulting  from  the  improve- 
ment of  farms,  abroad  or  at  home,  touches  somewhere 
the  lives  of  our  farm  women,  in  comfort  and  happiness. 

Our  jury  passed  upon  the  magnificent  exhibit  made 
by  the  State  of  Missouri,  in  the  Agricultural  Palace, 
the  finest  State  exhibit  known  to  this  continent,  up  to 
date,  in  agriculture. 

The  construction  of  an  elegant  lay  figure,  made  en- 
tirely of  corn-shucks  and  corn-silks,  representing  a  lady 
of  style  and  fashion,  was  the  handiwork  of  a  woman, 
and  richly  deserved  the  prize  that  was  awarded. 

Group  No.  78  being  confined  to  general  lines,  and 
covering  the  idea  of  farm  improvement  on  an  extended 
scale,  grasping,  as  it  were,  the  great  and  fundamental 
principles  of  modern  agriculture,  the  work  of  the  sexes 
was  not  indicated  by  the  exhibitors.  The  percentage  of 
each  was  not  required  by  instructions  given  to  Group 
Jury  No.  78. 


GROUP   JURORS  229 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  thank  you  and  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  for  kind  attentions,  and  the  oppor- 
tunity for  pleasure  and  instruction  in  this  Group  Jury 
work;  and  to  assure  you  that  it  was  my  constant  aim 
and  purpose  to  prove  to  my  colleagues  and  to  Chief 
Taylor  that  your  trust  and  confidence  had  not  been 
misplaced  in  assigning  me  to  jury  duty  in  so  important 
a  place. 

Group  84  —  under  the  Group  heading  "  Vegetable 
Food  Products,  —  Agricultural  Seeds"  —  was  divided 
into  eight  classes,  which  represented:  Cereals:  wheat, 
rye,  barley,  maize,  millet,  and  other  cereals  in  sheaves 
or  in  grain.  Legumes  and  their  seeds:  beans,  peas, 
lentils,  etc.  Tubers  and  roots  and  their  seeds :  potatoes, 
beets,  carrots,  turnips,  radishes,  etc.  Miscellaneous 
vegetables  and  their  seeds:  cabbages,  peppers,  arti- 
chokes, mushrooms,  cresses,  etc.  Sugar-producing 
plants :  beets,  cane,  sorghum,  etc.  Miscellaneous  plants 
and  their  products:  coffee,  tea,  cocoa,  etc.  Oil-pro- 
ducing plants  and  their  products.  Forage,  growing, 
green,  cured,  or  in  silos;  fodder  for  cattle;  forage, 
grass  and  field  seeds. 

Neither  the  Principal  nor  Alternate  appointed  in  this 
Group  was  able  to  serve. 

Group  89,  Mrs.  E.  L.  Lamb,  Jackson,  Miss.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Preserved  Meat,  Fish, 
Vegetables,  and  Fruit,"  the  eight  classes  into  which  it 
was  divided  represented:  Meat  preserved  by  any 
process.  Salted  meats,  canned  meats.  Meat  and  soup 
tablets.  Meat  extracts.  Various  pork  products.  Fish 


230  REPORT 

preserved  by  any  process.  Salt  fish,  fish  in  barrels,  cod, 
herring,  etc.  Fish  preserved  in  oil;  tunny,  sardines, 
anchovies.  Canned  lobsters,  canned  oysters,  canned 
shrimps.  Vegetables  preserved  by  various  processes. 
Fruits  dried  or  prepared,  prunes,  figs,  raisins,  dates. 
Fruits  preserved  without  sugar.  Fruits,  canned,  in  tins, 
or  in  glass.  Army  and  Navy  commissary  stores  and 
equipment. 

No  report. 

Group  88,  Mrs.  F.  H.  Pugh,  Bellevue,  Nebraska, 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Bread  and  Pastry,"  the 
two  classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented: 
Breads,  with  or  without  yeast,  fancy  breads,  and  breads 
in  moulds,  compressed  breads  for  travelers,  military 
campaigns,  etc.  Ship  biscuits.  Yeasts.  Baking  pow- 
ders. Pastry  of  various  kinds  peculiar  to  each  country. 
Gingerbread  and  dry  cakes  for  keeping. 

Mrs.  Pugh  reports  substantially  as  follows :  — 

The  nature  of  the  exhibits  in  Group  88  were  Angel 
Food  Cake,  Pickles,  Bread,  Fruit  Cake,  Purina  Mills 
Exhibit,  the  most  striking  exhibit  being  a  California  fruit 
cake,  made  by  Mrs.  Rose  E.  Bailey,  which  weighed  81 
pounds.  The  exhibits  showed  advancement  in  the  science 
of  good  cooking,  all  the  exhibits  being  installed  by  Amer- 
ican women,  no  foreign  women,  that  I  can  recall,  par- 
ticipating, and  the  display  was  more  creditable  than  at 
the  Chicago  Exposition,  in  that  the  exhibitors  showed 


GROUP  JURORS  231 

more  confidence  in  themselves  and  their  work,  more  at- 
tention being  given  also  to  the  purity  and  healthfulness 
of  their  food  exhibits.  Their  work,  as  shown  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  would  most  certainly 
prove  helpful  or  suggestive  to  those  interested  in  the 
advancement  and  success  of  women's  work  by  their 
exhibition  of  success  already  achieved,  and  the  work  of 
women,  it  is  believed,  was  as  well  appreciated  when 
placed  by  the  side  of  that  of  men,  and  the  results  would 
not  have  been  better  had  their  work  been  separately 
exhibited.  No  manufacturers  that  I  knew  of,  excepting 
the  Purina  Mills  (Ralston)  Exhibition,  were  asked  to 
state  the  percentage  of  woman's  work  that  entered  into 
the  manufacture  of  their  special  exhibits,  and  only  by 
one  or  two  exhibits  was  it  in  a  measure  indicated  in  any 
way  which  part  had  been  performed  by  women,  which 
by  men;  but,  in  my  opinion,  probably  about  one  tenth 
of  the  work  in  this  Group  was  performed  by  women. 
There  were  eight  women  exhibitors  out  of  a  total  of 
sixty-three  applications. 

In  the  exhibits  in  this  department  daintier  manipula- 
tion and  more  regard  for  purity  of  foods  was  shown  than 
in  the  past;  and  in  the  construction  of  individual  booths, 
Mrs.  Buchanan's  Pickles,  Mrs.  Gautz  (North  Western 
Yeast  Company),  and  Mrs.  Haffner's  Swansdown  Flour 
deserve  special  mention.  The  exhibits  of  the  women 
did  not  show  special  development  of  original  inventions, 
but  were  mainly  improvements,  and  greater  skill  in 
handling  the  products,  the  greatest  labor-saving  ma- 
chine being  Werner's  Domestic  Machinery,  but  it  is 
presumed  this  is  the  invention  of  man  only,  and  that 
while  women  took  no  part  in  constructing  that,  their 


232  REPORT 

installations  were  a  credit  to  the  most  wonderful  of  all 
expositions,  and  were  a  great  attraction  to  visitors. 

I  am  frank  to  say  that  as  I  look  back  upon  our  work 
there  the  women  who  made  the  greatest  effort  to  add 
to  the  attractiveness  of  the  Agricultural  Palace  did  not 
receive  all  the  awards  they  deserved;  namely,  Mrs. 
Rose  E.  Bailey,  to  whom  was  awarded  a  Grand  Prize 
for  the  ingeniousness  of  her  exhibit,  never  heard  of  the 
award;  Mrs.  Bertha  E.  Haffner,  representing  Swans- 
down  Flour,  should  have  had  a  Grand  Prize  for  her 
cakes,  since  a  Grand  Prize  was  awarded  Mrs.  Gautz 
for  Bread.  This  was  the  consensus  of  opinion  of  jurors 
in  Group  88. 

The  coffee  exhibits  employing  women,  the  flours, 
Pillsbury,  Washburne  and  Crosby,  the  Banana  flours, 
North  Dakota  Flour  Exhibitors,  Sanitas  Nut  Company, 
Breakfast  Foods,  were  all  in  the  charge  of  women,  all 
of  whom  deserve  special  mention  for  their  unfailing 
courtesies  to  sight-seers. 

It  warms  my  heart  yet,  just  to  think  of  the  dear  old 
Palace  of  Agriculture,  and  the  many  delightful  hours 
spent  there  in  our  work.  I  desire  specially  to  commend 
the  kindness  received  by  those  in  charge  of  the  Brazilian 
Pavilion  and  Machin  Brothers'  French  Bakery. 

Group  90,    Miss    Carolyn  Hempstead    (now  Mrs.  C. 

M.  F.  Riley),  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  Juror. 
Under  the  Group  heading  "  Sugar  and  Confectionery, 
Condiments  and  Relishes,"  the  eight  classes  into  which 
it  was  divided  represented:  Sugar.  Glucose.  Confec- 
tionery. Chocolate.  Brandied  fruits,  preserves,  jellies. 
Coffee,  tea,  substitutes  for  coffee;  mate,  chicory,  and 


GROUP  JURORS  233 

sweet  acorns.  Vinegar.  Table  salt.  Spices  and  extracts : 
pepper,  cinnamon,  allspice,  etc.;  flavoring  extracts. 
Mixed  condiments  and  relishes;  mustard,  curries, 
sauces,  etc. 

Mrs.  Riley  reports  as  follows :  — 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Group  90.  In  this  group 
there  were  not  as  many  women  exhibitors  as  seemingly 
might  have  been  expected,  as  women  have  always  been 
the  exponents  of  this  domestic  science,  and  have  been 
called  the  "ministering  angels"  to  man's  needs;  have 
feasted  his  eyes  and  fed  his  stomach  from  time  imme- 
morial with  their  sweetmeats,  —  Eve,  even,  perhaps 
made  Adam  happy  with  sun-dried  figs !  Who  knows  ? 

All  told,  there  were  not  over  thirty  women  exhibitors, 
and  the  exhibits  consisted  of  preserves,  jellies,  jams, 
marmalades,  pickles,  relishes,  candied  fruits,  crystal- 
lized flowers,  excellent  in  their  quality  and  most  beau- 
tifully put  up,  and  hygienically  sealed.  In  this,  the  sci- 
ence of  our  grandmothers,  much  of  their  wisdom  and 
practice  clings  to  the  art  of  producing  and  effecting  the 
good  results  which  were  displayed  before  us;  but  if 
the  exhibitors  did  have  recourse  to  the  old  cookery 
books,  the  manner  of  showing  the  exhibits,  the  attract- 
ive booths,  the  managing  ability,  the  business  methods, 
were  the  attributes  of  the  woman  of  to-day,  the  advanc- 
ing, the  far-seeing  business  woman. 

There  were  no  foreigners  in  this  class,  —  the  ex- 
hibitors of  the  guava  jellies  and  foreign  preserves  were 
men.  Man  in  all  countries  has  been  prone  to  reach  out 
and  gather  in  the  best  that  woman  has  had  to  give,  and 


234  REPORT 

in  this  branch  of  trade  has  enlarged  and  sometimes 
—  may  I  add  —  adulterated  the  old  recipes,  and  with 
his  money  and  his  army  of  employees  has  established 
great  pickling  and  preserving  plants,  designed  to  feed 
the  world's  masses. 

In  most  cases  the  pureness,  the  sweetness,  the  old 
touch  of  "home-made"  are  gone,  and  only  when  the  do- 
mestic woman  by  dint  of  hard  pressure  has  been  driven 
out  into  the  world  to  gain  her  own  livelihood  has  this 
pure  home-made  article  been  put  upon  the  market. 
"Pinmoney"  pickles  are  now  a  household  word, — 
made  by  a  woman  in  Virginia,  who  started  by  making 
for  her  friends  and  neighbors,  —  but  whose  industry  has 
grown  now  to  immense  proportions. 

In  the  exhibits  by  women  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion two  exhibits  were  of  unusual  merit,  —  one  a  fruit 
cake  containing  forty-one  varieties  of  preserved  fruits, 
and  weighing  eighty-one  pounds,  made  by  Mrs.  Rose 
A.  Bailey  of  California.  Mrs.  Bailey  preserved  these 
fruits  in  sugar  only.  Her  collection  of  jellies,  etc.,  re- 
ceived the  warmest  praise,  and  so  much  has  been  said 
that  she  is  now  contemplating  the  forwarding  of  a 
"Home-prepared  Fruit  Agency"  to  be  handled  by  wo- 
men only. 

The  other  exhibit  was  the  crystallized  rose-leaves  and 
violets,  by  another  California  woman,  so  made  that  the 
sugar  could  be  peeled  off,  leaving  the  rose-leaf  or  violet 
intact  and  perfect  in  its  coloring  and  form. 

These  were  the  odd  and  new  exhibits.  A  long  line  of 
clear  jellies  and  good  pickles  and  toothsome  relishes 
was  most  willingly  judged  and  more  willingly  tasted. 
A  most  attractive  exhibit  of  these  was  in  the  booth 


GROUP  JURORS  235 

of  Mrs.  Nathalie  Claibourne  Buchanan,  representing 
an  old  Virginia  kitchen,  its  open  fireplace  with  the  fire- 
logs  in  the  background,  the  high  mantel  with  its  rows 
of  preserves  and  pickles,  and  a  dear  old  black  "mammy" 
in  kerchief  and  bandanna  as  a  most  fitting  setting  to 
the  scene. 

No  woman  received  the  highest  award,  the  Grand 
Prix,  but  some  were  given  the  gold  medal. 

In  the  exhibits  of  the  large  manufacturers  there  was 
no  way  to  tell  what  part  of  the  labor  had  been  per- 
formed by  women,  but  on  the  printed  forms  the  propor- 
tion of  women  laborers  was  quite  often  given,  but  it  is 
a  known  fact  that  two  thirds  of  the  work  of  these  large 
factories  is  done  by  women  and  girls. 

This  should  be  a  wide  avenue  for  women  to  enter  the 
marts  of  life,  but  on  the  small  scale  it  is  so  underpaid  in 
proportion  to  the  labor  expended  that  but  few  are  bold 
enough  to  enter. 

Department  J,  Horticulture,  Mr.  Frederic  W.  Tay- 
lor, Chief,  comprised  7  Groups  and  27  Classes,  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  being  represented  in  but  one 
Group. 

Group    107,    Mrs.    M.    B.  R.  Day,  Frankfort,    Ky., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Pomology,"  the  six 
classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented:  Poma- 
ceous  and  stone  fruits:  apples,  pears,  quinces;  cherries, 
plums,  peaches,  apricots,  nectarines,  etc.  Citrus  fruits : 
oranges,  lemons,  limes,  shaddocks,  pomelos,  etc.  Trop- 
ical and  sub-tropical  fruits :  pineapples,  bananas,  guavas, 


236  REPORT 

mangoes,  tamarinds,  figs,  olives,  sapodillas,  etc.  Small 
fruits:  strawberries,  raspberries,  blackberries,  dew- 
berries, gooseberries,  currants,  etc.  Nuts:  almonds, 
chestnuts,  filberts,  pecans,  hickory-nuts,  walnuts,  etc. 
Casts  and  models  of  fruits  in  wax,  plaster,  etc. 

Mrs.  Day  says  in  substance  in  her  replies  to  the  ques- 
tions :  That  she  cannot  give  an  approximate  number  of 
the  women  who  exhibited  in  this  group,  but  that  the 
nature  of  the  exhibits  shown  were  fruits,  —  grapes,  ap- 
ples, etc.,  and  flowers,  the  most  striking  exhibits  being 
by  florists  and  fruit  culturists,  and  that  women  have 
entered  many  more  branches  of  this  work  in  recent 
years;  that  she  believes  their  work  shown  at  the  Louis- 
iana Purchase  Exposition  would  prove  helpful  and  sug- 
gestive by  reason  of  the  great  care  taken  in  the  exhibits. 
Mrs.  Day  does  not  think  any  difference  was  shown  in  ap- 
preciation of  the  exhibits  of  women  when  placed  by  the 
side  of  men,  and  hardly  thinks  the  result  would  have 
been  better  had  the  work  of  women  been  separately 
exhibited.  This  seems  to  be  almost  the  only  department 
where  exhibits  were  shown  in  such  manner  as  to  indicate 
whether  they  were  the  work  of  men  or  women,  as  all 
exhibits  were  marked  distinctly  with  the  name  of  the 
owner  of  fruit-farm,  or  florist,  the  exhibits  of  New  Mexico 
and  Oklahoma  being  each  in  charge  of  very  intelligent 
women,  and  some  of  the  finest  fruit-farms  sending 
exhibits  were  owned  by  women,  and  women  also  made 
some  of  the  best  displays  of  fruits  and  flowers. 

Department  N,  Anthropology,  Prof.  W.  J.  McGee, 
Chief,  comprised  4  Groups  and  5  Classes,  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  being  accorded  representation  upon  each. 


GROUP   JURORS  237 

Group   126,   Miss  Alice   C.   Fletcher,   Washington, 

D.  C.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "  Somatology,"  the  two 
classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented:  Physical 
characteristics  of  man;  the  comparative  and  special 
anatomy  of  races  and  peoples;  specimens,  casts,  meas- 
urements, charts,  and  photographs  representing  typical 
and  comparative  characteristics.  Anthropometry;  meas- 
urements, charts,  diagrams,  etc.,  showing  the  methods 
and  results  of  comparative  studies  on  the  physical  struc- 
ture of  living  races;  instruments  and  appliances  used 
in  anthropometric  investigations. 

Miss  Fletcher  reports :  — 

In  the  Department  of  Anthropology  there  were  no 
distinctive  exhibits  by  women  that  I  can  recall,  for  the 
work  of  women  in  that  field  was  represented  in  the  gen- 
eral student  body  of  the  science. 

In  Archaeology,  Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall's  investigations 
in  Mexico  were  represented  in  the  publications  of  the 
Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard  University  and  of  the 
University  of  California.  Miss  Boyd's  remarkable  ex- 
cavations at  Gournia,  Crete,  were  in  connection  with  the 
Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  and  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  The  contributions  of  these  two  and  of 
Miss  Breton,  an  Englishwoman,  who  has  made  copies 
in  color  of  the  disappearing  mural  decorations  in  Cen- 
tral America,  rank  among  the  recent  notable  archaeo- 
logical researches. 

In  Somatology,  the  exhibit  of  Bryn  Mawr  College 
showed  so  marked  a  comprehension  of  the  value  of  this 


238  REPORT 

line  of  study  and  its  observations,  and  the  results,  in  this 
branch  of  science  were  so  clearly  and  well  presented 
as  to  receive  a  special  award. 

In  Ethnology,  the  work  of  women  in  this  branch  was 
included  in  the  publications  of  scientific  bodies  and 
universities.  In  the  collections  exhibited,  the  articles 
obtained  by  women  were  indiscriminately  arranged 
with  those  gathered  by  men,  so  as  to  make  the  exhibits 
of  value  and  of  interest. 

In  reply  to  the  questions  as  to  whether  woman's  work 
was  as  well  appreciated  when  placed  side  by  side  with 
that  of  men,  as  when  separately  exhibited,  I  would  say: 
That  the  trend  of  opinion  at  the  present  time  is  to  judge 
of  work  by  its  character  and  quality  rather  than  by  the 
sex  of  the  worker.  Every  woman  student  desires  only 
such  judgment  to  be  passed  on  her  work,  and  is  grateful 
that  the  day  has  come  when  she  can  be  so  dealt 
with. 

Again,  as  to  a  comparison  between  the  exhibits  of 
woman's  work  at  previous  expositions  and  at  the  one 
held  in  St.  Louis;  as  I  have  visited  nearly  all  since  that 
of  the  Centennial,  I  think  that  no  one  could  fail  to  note 
the  fairer  estimate  put  on  woman's  work  at  the  recent 
exposition  than  was  ever  before  granted.  From  the 
days  of  the  childhood  of  the  race  to  the  present  time  it 
has  always  been  impossible  to  draw  a  hard  and  fast  line 
between  the  labors  of  men  and  those  of  women;  their 
work  has  continually  interchanged  and  overlapped. 
What  has  been  woman's  work  in  one  age  has  become 
man's  in  another.  The  history  of  textile  industries  is 
a  well-known  case  in  point.  Such  being  the  fact,  it  is  in 
keeping  with  the  truth  of  the  past  and  the  present  time 


GROUP  JURORS  239 

not  to  attempt  to  exhibit  separately  that  which  has 
always  been  interwoven. 

In  Anthropology  the  number  of  women  students  is 
small,  but  the  work  accomplished  by  these  few  has  been 
creditable,  and  has  received  its  due  recognition. 

The  Indian  School  exhibit  came  under  the  Depart- 
ment of  Anthropology,  and  several  women  received 
awards  for  special  accomplishments. 

Looking  over  the  field  of  woman's  work  as  presented 
at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  one  is  convinced  of  the 
growth  of  a  healthful  recognition  of  her  labors  in  the 
upbuilding  of  social  life,  both  in  the  ideal  and  the  prac- 
tical, and  cannot  fail  to  note  the  uses  to  which  she  is 
putting  the  widening  opportunities  for  her  higher  edu- 
cation. 

Group  127,  Mrs.  Alice  Palmer  Henderson,  of  Tacoma, 

Wash.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Ethnology,"  there  was 
but  one  class,  representing:  Illustration  of  the  growth 
of  culture;  the  origin  and  development  of  arts  and  in- 
dustries; ceremonies,  religious,  rites  and  games;  social 
and  domestic  manners  and  customs;  languages  and 
origin  of  writing. 

Mrs.  Henderson  says :  — 

In  the  Department  of  Anthropology  in  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition,  there  were  but  few  individual  ex- 
hibits, those  being  principally  in  the  section  of  history. 
Women  have  always  been  the  chief  heralds  of  family 
and  conservators  of  family  records,  and  relics.  The 


240  REPORT 

Daughters  of  the  Revolution  have  stimulated  research, 
restoration,  and  preservation  along  historical  lines.  For 
the  first  time  in  exposition  management  a  department 
of  history  had  its  own  commissioner,  and  that  commis- 
sioner was  a  woman.  Miss  Hayward  justified  this  de- 
cidedly new  step  by  her  services.  I  think  I  am  right  in 
asserting  that  she  was  the  first  woman  commissioner 
on  the  board  of  any  international  exposition.1  The  sec- 
tion of  history  was  part  of  the  Department  of  Anthro- 
pology. 

New,  too,  was  representation  on  the  jury  of  Anthro- 
pology of  workers  in  Indian  affairs  as  represented  in  the 
model  Indian  school,  containing,  as  it  did,  so  large  a 
proportion  of  women's  work  in  exhibits  from  different 
tribes  and  sections  of  the  country,  and  of  the  suggested 
work  of  the  white  women  teachers.  Of  these  latter  was 
the  juror,  Miss  Peters,  of  the  domestic  science  depart- 
ment. Advancement  along  these  lines  since  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  is  undoubted  except  in  the  matter  of 
such  Indian  arts  as  basketry  and  rug-making.  If  there 
be  any  reason  for  the  existence  of  a  raffia  basket  in  hide- 
ous aniline  hues,  it  doth  not  yet  appear.  I  think  this 
bastard  has  usurped  the  place  of  the  Indians'  beautiful 
art  of  long  descent,  and  it  is  distressing.  White  teachers 
who  presume  to  instruct  the  Indians  in  basket-making, 
or  who  substitute  hairpin  lace  and  the  like,  have  much 
to  answer  for. 

I  noted  no  particular  advance  in  Anthropology  among 
women  since  the  Columbian  Exposition,  when  I  served 

1  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning  were  appointed  by 
President  McKinley  to  serve  as  Commissioners  at  the  Paris  Exposition, 
1900. 


GROUP  JURORS  241 

upon  the  same  jury  in  the  same  distinguished  company, 
Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall  and  Miss  Alice  Fletcher.  In  other 
more  tangible  departments,  so  to  speak,  and  at  other 
expositions,  I  have  noted  a  steady  advance  in  woman's 
work,  and  in  the  spread  of  her  domain.  The  time  has 
long  past  when  it  should  be  segregated,  as  kindergarten 
efforts  are  from  regular  school  work. 

I  recall  no  anthropological  exhibit  by  foreign  women 
at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition.  In  fact,  Ameri- 
can women  undoubtedly  lead  in  such  study,  investiga- 
tion, exploration,  and  publication.  In  their  own  country 
the  opportunity  is  great,  especially  in  ethnology,  because 
of  the  thousands  of  barbarous  people  among  us  and  sav- 
ages upon  our  borders.  Tribes  still  in  the  stone  age  are 
our  actual  contemporaries.  Women,  quick  to  grasp, 
able  to  ingratiate  themselves,  are  peculiarly  fitted  to 
gather  the  folklore  of  the  Indians,  their  songs  and  myths, 
and  ceremonials,  weird,  rich,  beautiful  as  those  of  the 
ancient  Greeks.  Miss  Fletcher,  who  at  St.  Louis  served 
upon  the  section  of  psychometry,  has  done  much  for 
both  ethnology  and  the  coming  school  of  American  music 
in  rescuing  and  preserving  the  Indian  songs. 

What  has  been  accomplished  in  archaeology  by  wo- 
men was  best  exhibited  in  the  attainments,  translations, 
and  publications  of  another  member  of  the  jury  of  An- 
thropology, Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall,  as  well  known  in  Europe 
as  in  this  country.  Woman's  acknowledged  intuition, 
patience,  and  enthusiasm  are  factors  of  great  value  in 
the  problem  of  reducing  to  one  common  denominator 
the  life  and  works  of  by-gone  man  from  his  archaeological 
remains. 

It  seems  to  me  of  great  importance  to  emphasize  the 


242  REPORT 

work  of  women  at  such  expositions.  What  woman  has 
done,  woman  can  do,  is  an  invaluable  suggestion,  borne 
in  upon  many  minds,  of  latent  possibilities  which,  de- 
veloped, might  greatly  benefit  humanity.  The  most 
important  exhibits  at  any  great  exposition  are  never 
seen,  only  felt. 

Miss  Cora  Peters,  Department  of  the  Interior,  United 
States  Indian  Service,  Chilocco,  Okla.,  as  mentioned  by 
Mrs.  Henderson,  also  served  in  this  Department,  and 
briefly  says :  — 

I  have  not  been  able  to  give  very  definite  replies,  as  I 
had  so  little  time  to  investigate  the  work.  I  served  on  the 
section  of  Indian  Education,  and  the  work  of  the  women 
was  usually  better  than  that  of  the  men,  and  in  every 
case  they  were  more  persistent  in  their  efforts.  It  seems 
to  me  that  there  are  more  opportunities  open  to  women 
along  educational  lines,  especially  that  of  Domestic 
Economy.  The  extent  of  women's  influence  in  the  home 
will  never  be  known,  so  I  am  very  glad  that  at  present 
there  is  a  great  interest  taken  in  that  subject. 

Miss  Peters  further  says :  The  nature  of  the  exhibits 
was  historical,  such  as  those  of  Indian  Relics,  by  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  the  exhibit 
in  the  Alaska  Building,  the  latter  being  the  most  strik- 
ing exhibit  in  the  department.  The  women  had  more 
displays  than  men,  and  some  of  their  work  was  very 
creditable,  and  in  some  cases  was  as  well  appreciated 
when  placed  by  the  side  of  that  of  men;  in  one  case  it 
might  have  been  more  beneficial  in  result  had  it  been 
separately  exhibited,  but  as  a  whole  I  think  women  were 


GROUP  JURORS  243 

given  due  consideration.  The  proportion  of  the  work 
performed  by  women  was  not  as  large  in  proportion  as 
that  performed  by  the  men,  but  in  the  Indian  section  of 
which  I  was  a  juror  I  think  the  awards  were  about 
evenly  divided.  The  greater  part  of  the  exhibits  con- 
sisted of  collections  of  relics,  and  the  exhibits  by  women 
showed  great  skill  and  ingenuity,  and  in  nearly  every 
case  the  installation  of  exhibits  was  considered  very 
good,  as  was  the  taste  displayed.  Some  of  them  were 
better  than  those  by  men. 

Group   128,  Mrs.   Zelia  Nuttall,   Cambridge,   Mass., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Ethnography,"  the  one 
class  represented :  Races  and  peoples,  from  earliest  man 
to  the  present  time;  tribal  and  racial  exhibits,  showing 
by  means  of  specimens,  groups,  and  photographs  the 
stages  of  culture  reached  by  different  peoples  of  vari- 
ous times  and  under  special  conditions  of  environment. 
Families,  groups,  and  tribes  of  living  peoples. 

Mrs.  Nuttall  also  served  as  Department  Juror  in 
Department  N,  Anthropology,  under  which  heading 
her  report  will  be  found. 

Department  O,  Social  Economy,  Dr.  Howard  J. 
Rogers,  Chief,  comprised  13  Groups  and  58  Classes, 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  receiving  representation 
in  five  Groups. 

Group  129,  Miss  Caroline  Greisheimer,  Washington, 

D.  G.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "  Study  and  Investigation  of 
Social  and  Economic  Conditions,"  the  five  classes  into 


244  REPORT 

which  it  was  divided  represented :  Official  bureaus  and 
offices.  Private  bureaus,  museums,  boards  of  trade, 
etc.  Economic  and  social  reform  associations,  congresses. 
Economic  serials,  reviews,  and  other  publications. 
Scholastic  instruction  in  economics  and  social  economy. 

Miss  Greisheimer  says :  — 

Studies  and  Investigations  of  Exhibits,  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition,  Social  Economy,  Group  129.  —  The 
exhibits,  by  means  of  reports  and  statistics,  of  leading 
states  and  countries  showing  the  commercial  and  in- 
dustrial conditions  of  the  state  or  country,  in  regard  to 
exports  and  imports,  wages,  occupations,  hours  of  daily 
labor,  health  statistics,  educational  facilities,  means 
provided  for  industrial  betterment  of  employees,  and 
photographs  and  graphic  charts  illustrative  of  the  above, 
no  doubt  attracted  the  attention  of  thousands  of  visitors 
at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  and  will  result  in 
much  good.  Important  subjects  are  thus  brought  to  the 
front,  and  many  employers  and  capitalists  are  benefited 
by  the  experience  of  others,  and  so  go  away  and  work 
out  some  plan  for  the  betterment  of  the  conditions  of 
their  employees.  It  opens  the  way  for  the  capitalist  to 
meet  his  workmen  in  the  adoption  of  measures  for  har- 
monizing the  interest  of  capital  and  labor,  and  binding 
together  in  mutual  interest  and  good  will  the  men  whose 
work  enriches  the  state,  and  the  employer  who  directs 
their  labor  and  converts  its  products  into  wages. 

The  many  photographs  exhibited  illustrating  the 
line  of  betterment  evolution  and  industrial  commercial 
pursuits  and  development  bring  facts  relating  to  these 


GROUP  JURORS  245 

subjects  before  the  public,  and  lead  captains  of  industry 
and  employers  to  investigate  betterment  institutions,  and 
profit  by  the  experience  of  others.  They  also  furnish 
an  idea  of  the  large  industries,  progress,  and  natural 
resources  of  the  country.  Thus,  the  photographs  of  the 
coffee  plantations  of  Brazil  thoroughly  illustrated  the 
coffee  industry  and  gave  an  idea  of  this  great  industry, 
its  commercial  value,  its  growth  and  development.  The 
exhibits  of  New  Jersey  by  means  of  photographs  of 
industrial  betterment  institutions  and  industrial  con- 
ditions furnished  plenty  of  matter  for  studies  and  in- 
vestigations to  students  of  social  economics. 

Representatives  of  large  industries,  through  the  me- 
dium of  international  expositions,  study  the  means  of 
improving  the  productions  of  their  factories,  either  by 
the  use  of  better  raw  material,  securing  it  cheaper 
by  importing  it  direct  from  the  producing  centres,  or  by 
the  improvement  of  their  processes  by  using  modern 
machinery  and  by  the  study  of  the  social  betterment 
conditions  of  the  employees  of  other  large  industrial 
enterprises. 

Many  of  the  foreign  governmental  publications, 
reports,  photographs,  statistics,  and  graphic  charts 
exhibited,  showed  the  degree  of  advancement  reached 
in  some  parts  of  the  country  with  relation  to  these  par- 
ticular subjects,  and  the  splendid  conditions  and  re- 
sources of  the  state  or  country.  Many  of  these  exhibits 
were  beautifully  illustrated,  giving  information  of  the 
social  and  economic  conditions  as  well  as  the  history, 
geography,  physical  resources,  etc.,  of  the  state  or  coun- 
try. The  exhibits  of  France,  Belgium,  Germany,  and 
Great  Britain  were  elaborate  and  systematically  ar- 


246  REPORT 

ranged,  and  furnished  a  fund  of  information  in  social 
economic  studies  and  investigations  by  their  most  emi- 
nent economists. 

The  exhibits  of  the  American  Institute  of  Social 
Service  deserve  especial  mention.  We  learn  from  them 
how  we  can  aid  in  humanizing  and  elevating  the  spirit, 
methods,  and  conditions  of  modern  life. 

This  Institute  had  on  exhibition  about  2000  photo- 
graphs in  ten  wing-frame  cabinets,  which  visualize  and 
interpret  all  forms  of  social  and  industrial  betterment, 
arranged  as  follows :  — 

1.  The  American  Institute  of  Social  Service. 

2.  Civic  Betterment. 

3.  Improved  Housing. 

4.  5,  and  6.  Industrial  Betterment. 

7.  European  Social  Studies. 

8.  Salvation  Army  and  Denominational  Work. 

9.  Young  Men's  and  Young  Women's  Christian  As- 

sociations. 

10.  Institutional  Churches. 

After  the  Exposition,  these  cabinets  will  be  put  on 
permanent  exhibition  at  the  headquarters  of  the  Insti- 
tute in  New  York. 

These  photographs  make  a  deep  and  lasting  impres- 
sion upon  the  mind  of  the  observer  of  the  great  work 
being  done  in  all  forms  of  social  and  industrial  better- 
ment. It  is  an  efficient  way  of  showing  the  needs  of  the 
times  created  by  the  new  conditions  in  the  industrial 
world,  and  is  a  means  of  bringing  together  the  best 
thinkers  of  the  age  to  devise  feasible  plans  for  the  better- 
ment of  mankind  and  the  solving  of  problems  of  social 
conditions  and  industrial  betterment.  They  also  show 


GROUP   JURORS  247 

what  is  being  done  by  the  American  Institute  of  Social 
Service. 

The  American  Institute  of  Social  Service  is  a  clear- 
ing-house for  exchange  of  facts,  experiences,  and 
ideas  on  social  and  industrial  betterment.  It  is  both 
a  laboratory  for  investigation  and  a  distributor  of  the 
knowledge  gained.  It  is  practically  an  international 
university  for  the  study  and  promotion  of  social  and 
industrial  progress.  Its  work  is  done  on  a  large  and 
thorough  plan,  and  benefits  multitudes. 

The  fundamental  principle  and  purpose  of  the  In- 
stitute is  to  make  the  experience  of  all  available  for  the 
instruction  of  each.  This  principle  is  applicable  alike 
to  individuals,  corporations,  churches,  societies,  cities, 
states,  and  nations. 

The  Institute  places  human  experience  on  file.  It 
welcomes  inquiries  from  any  one.  The  answers  aim  to 
be  complete,  or,  if  necessary,  to  refer  the  writer  to  the 
most  direct  and  trustworthy  sources. 

It  furnishes  expert  advice  for  solving  local  problems 
to  employers  of  every  kind,  to  workingmen,  to  municipal 
officers,  to  teachers  and  ministers,  to  writers,  students, 
and  others. 

Through  its  many  foreign  collaborators,  the  Institute 
receives  reports  and  is  in  close  touch  with  social  move- 
ments abroad. 

The  Institute  also  arranges  for  addresses  and  lec- 
tures, with  or  without  lantern  slides,  on  many  import- 
ant subjects  such  as:  The  Child  Problem,  History  of 
Labor,  Food,  Tenements  and  Improved  Housing,  In- 
dustrial Betterment,  Substitutes  for  the  Saloon,  The 
Newer  Charity,  Municipal  Problems,  Institutional 


REPORT 

Churches,  Public  Baths  and  Wash  Houses,  The  Better 
New  York. 

Its  publications  are:  "Social  Service,"  an  illustrated 
monthly  magazine;  "The  Better  New  York,"  mono- 
graphs and  leaflets. 

It  has  a  specialized  and  growing  library,  with  many 
foreign  books  and  pamphlets,  three  thousand  lantern 
slides  and  four  thousand  photographs,  showing  social 
and  industrial  conditions  throughout  the  world. 

RESULTS 

Plans  for  new  factories  have  been  modified  for  com- 
fort and  health.  Result :  better  workers  and  better  work. 

Facilities  for  warm  lunches,  baths,  and  recreation  at 
noon  have  been  provided.  Result:  Hold  of  the  saloon 
weakened. 

Social  secretaries  have  been  appointed  in  factories 
and  department  stores.  Result:  Employees  and  em- 
ployers in  harmony. 

Ministers,  lecturers,  and  writers  have  been  aided  in 
presenting  moral  questions  with  force  and  persuasive- 
ness. Result:  Public  conscience  aroused. 

The  attention  of  societies  and  clubs  has  been  turned 
to  vital  civic  questions.  Result :  Energies  given  practical 
value. 

Many  private  individuals  have  been  encouraged  to 
undertake  local  efforts  of  great  value  from  which  they 
reluctantly  shrank  for  lack  of  knowledge  and  experience. 
Result:  Individuals  and  communities  have  been  both 
beautified. 

Theodore  Roosevelt  said:  "This  Institute  is  fitted  to 
render  a  great  and  peculiar  service,  not  merely  to  the 


GROUP  JURORS  249 

country,  but  to  all  countries.  The  possibilities  of  use- 
fulness for  the  Institute  are  well-nigh  boundless.  It  will 
hasten  the  progress  of  civilization  and  the  uplifting  of 
humanity." 

The  exhibits  of  the  Philadelphia  Commercial  Mu- 
seum of  the  world's  commerce  and  American  indus- 
tries by  means  of  eighty-eight  graphically  illustrated 
charts  also  deserve  mention.  These  charts  illustrate 
the  progress  and  present  conditions  of  the  commerce 
of  the  world,  of  the  manufacturing  industries  of  the 
United  States,  and  of  the  British  and  American  ship- 
ping industries. 

This  graphic  method  shows  more  clearly  than  statis- 
tics alone  would  do  what  proportion  of  the  world's 
trade  belongs  to  each  of  the  principal  nations,  and  the 
relative  importance,  from  a  manufacturing  standpoint, 
of  the  leading  cities  of  the  United  States. 

The  Philadelphia  Museum  was  organized  in  1884  by 
ordinance  of  the  City  Councils  and  is  governed  by  a 
board  of  trustees.  The  Board  maintains  the  Commer- 
cial Museum  and  a  Commercial  Library,  and  is  accu- 
mulating material  for  a  group  of  city  museums  devoted 
to  public  education,  ethnology,  economics,  economic 
botany,  and  general  science. 

The  Commercial  Museum  comprises  collections  illus- 
trating the  production  and  commerce  of  all  nations. 
A  Bureau  of  Information  collates  all  available  data  re- 
garding the  subject  of  foreign  trade,  and  distributes, 
upon  application,  reports  tending  to  the  extension  of 
American  trade  abroad. 

The  Commercial  Library  is  free  to  the  public  and 


250  REPORT 

contains  books  bearing  particularly  on  the  subjects  of 
international  trade,  productions,  transportation,  bank- 
ing, economics,  and  municipal  affairs.  It  also  contains 
more  important  books,  pamphlets,  periodicals,  and  for- 
eign reports  of  recent  date  relating  to  foreign  trade  and 
commerce  than  any  other  commercial  library  in  the 
world. 

This  valuable  collection  of  trade  literature  includes 
statistical  reports  of  all  foreign  governments  issuing 
such  documents,  and  foreign  governments'  gazettes, 
reports  of  board  of  trade  bodies,  regulations  of  customs 
tariffs,  year-books  descriptive  of  many  foreign  countries, 
colonies,  and  settlements,  the  consular  reports  from  all 
countries,  special  work  regarding  trade,  commerce, 
agriculture,  mining,  and  general  conditions  in  foreign 
countries.  It  also  has  periodicals,  city  directories,  and 
trade  directories  from  all  countries. 

The  Museums  are  maintained  by  an  annual  appro- 
priation from  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  Bureau 
of  Information  by  contributions  from  business  firms 
and  individuals  desiring  special  service. 

The  Commercial  Museum  has  accomplished  much 
along  the  educational  lines-  The  growing  feeling  that 
an  increased  export  trade  is  necessary  to  the  prosperity 
of  the  country  is  forcing  upon  schools  and  colleges  the 
necessity  of  courses  in  commercial  geography  and  com- 
merce. 

The  Commercial  Museum,  with  its  wealth  of  products 
collected  from  every  part  of  the  world,  is  in  the  position 
to  supply  the  necessary  demand  for  the  material  on 
which  such  schools  must  depend.  It  has  distributed 
over  225  collections  of  such  products,  with  photographs 


GROUP   JURORS  251 

arranged  for  the  study  of  commercial  geography,  and 
so  is  intended  eventually  to  include  within  its  scope 
schools,  colleges,  and  universities. 


THE   SALVATION   ARMY 

It  is  impossible  to  describe  in  a  few  words  the  great 
work  and  the  good  being  accomplished  by  the  Salvation 
Army.  Many  photographs  were  exhibited  illustrating 
the  work  being  done  by  this  noble  army. 

On  Christmas,  1878,  in  London,  this  army  of  Chris- 
tian workers  was  christened  "The  Salvation  Army," 
consisting  then  of  about  twenty  workers  and  about  as 
many  posts,  with  a  few  hundred  members,  and  some 
3000  souls  seeking  salvation  during  the  year.  To-day, 
there  are  scattered  through  forty-seven  countries  and 
colonies  as  follows :  — 

15,000  separated  workers,  entirely  supported  from 
its  funds;  40,000  unpaid  local  officers,  who  support 
themselves  and  give  their  spare  time;  16,000  brass 
bandsmen  (unpaid);  50,000  other  musicians,  compos- 
ing thousands  of  hymns  and  hundreds  of  new  tunes 
annually;  250,000  penitents  profess  salvation  publicly 
in  the  course  of  a  single  year;  6000  centres  have  been 
established,  where  an  average  of  fourteen  to  twenty 
meetings  are  held  weekly  —  half  in  open  air,  hah*  in 
buildings  — 84,000  meetings  weekly;  10,000,000  weekly 
listeners;  520,000,000  listeners  in  a  year.  (To  the  poor 
the  Gospel  is  being  preached  everywhere.) 

In  1880  the  first  Salvation  Army  officers  landed  in 
New  York.  The  Salvation  Army  struck  root  in  its 
new  soil  from  the  outset.  The  work  has  gone  steadily 


252  REPORT 

forward,  and  it  is  noted  throughout  the  world  for  the 
wonderful  spirit  of  humility  and  devotion  among  its 
workers  who  came  to  be  increasingly  widely  recog- 
nized. They  made  rapid  strides  in  America.  They 
founded  homes  for  the  homeless;  work  for  the  work- 
less;  establishments  for  labor  bureaus  and  social  relief 
institutions;  establishment  of  industrial  homes;  work- 
ingmen's  hotels;  workingwomen's  homes,  and  hotels; 
the  establishment  of  the  beautiful  Floral  Home,  Los  An- 
geles, Benedict  Hotel  for  Young  Women,  Boston;  and  a 
number  of  cheaper  class  hotels  for  women  in  New  York, 
Chicago,  and  Boston ;  these  all  supply  a  clean,  comfort- 
able bed,  with  good  moral  surroundings,  kindly  sym- 
pathy, and  religious  services.  In  New  York  and  other 
large  cities  Day  Nurseries  have  been  opened  in  connec- 
tion with  some  Slum  Posts,  —  here  mothers  bring  their 
children  to  be  cared  for  during  the  day  while  they  are 
out  at  work  earning  the  wages  upon  which  the  family 
depend  for  existence.  There  are  more  than  100  Rescue 
Homes  located  in  leading  cities  of  the  world,  and  more 
than  7000  fallen  women  were  taken  care  of  during  the 
last  year. 

Farm  colonies  have  also  been  established,  and  fresh 
air  camps  are  organized  for  summer  outings.  In  the 
summer  ice  is  furnished  to  the  needy  of  the  tenements ; 
in  winter,  coal. 

Who  can  estimate  the  good  done  by  this  noble  army  ? 
How  their  efforts  help  to  cast  gleams  of  sunshine  into 
the  desolate  hearts  and  homes  of  the  needy !  In  civiliza- 
tion, religious,  and  sociological  reforms  the  Salvation 
Army  is  doing  a  magnificent  work. 


GROUP  JURORS  253 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS  EXHIBIT 

The  Insular  Exhibit  of  the  Philippine  Islands  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  was  one  of  the  great 
features  of  the  Fair,  and  deserves  especial  mention, 
although  it  does  not  come  under  Group  129. 

No  other  one  exhibit  was  so  widely  commented  upon 
in  the  press  and  by  the  public  as  the  Insular  Exhibit. 
Everybody  who  went  to  the  Exposition  visited  the 
Filipino  village  and  went  away  full  of  wonder  and 
with  new  ideas  regarding  our  Island  possessions  and 
our  governmental  policy  in  regard  to  the  Filipinos  and 
the  Islands.  In  the  Filipino  village  or  grounds  there 
were  erected  a  number  of  typical  Filipino  buildings. 
The  native  villages  presented  the  life  of  the  Negritos, 
Igorrotes,  and  other  tribes.  A  number  of  buildings  dis- 
played the  native  woods,  and  some  were  devoted  to 
commerce,  agricultural  products,  and  others  to  educa- 
tional matters. 

The  education  exhibits  attracted  unusual  attention. 
The  main  school  building  was  constructed  after  a 
Manila  Cathedral.  The  main  feature  of  the  educational 
exhibit  was  a  model  school  taught  by  Mr.  Hager  and 
Miss  Zamora  of  the  Filipino  Normal  School.  The 
Filipino  pupils  were  objects  of  great  interest  and  curi- 
osity. 

No  doubt  many  visitors  were  interested  in  the  Igor- 
rotes  or  in  some  other  one  slight  feature  which  left  no 
deep  impression  of  the  actual  condition  of  the  Islands. 
But  every  one  who  went  attentively  through  the  Fili- 
pino village  knows  just  what  kind  of  people  the  Filipinos 
are,  and  learned  much  of  their  customs  and  their  in- 


254  REPORT 

dustries,  and  also  acquired  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  re- 
sources of  the  Islands  and  the  many  problems  confront- 
ing our  Government.  The  Philippine  Exhibit  was  one 
of  the  greatest  features  of  the  Fair. 

HUMANE   EDUCATION  SOCIETY 

The  pamphlets  issued  by  the  Humane  Education 
Society  during  the  progress  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  are  far-reaching  as  an  important  fac- 
tor in  true  education,  and  cannot  but  result  in  good. 
Children  through  their  influence  will  be  trained  in  habits 
of  kindness  to  the  dependent  lower  creatures,  become 
gentler  to  each  other,  more  amenable  to  authority,  and 
better  in  their  conduct.  Through  the  efforts  of  this 
Society,  Bands  of  Mercy  have  been  organized  in  the 
various  schools  and  churches  throughout  the  country, 
and  as  a  result  children  become  more  humane. 

Pamphlets  of  instruction  of  methods  of  forming 
Humane  Education  Societies  were  given  out,  with  other 
literature  on  humane  treatment  of  animals  which  could 
not  fail  in  arousing  interest.  A  grand  and  noble  work 
is  being  done  throughout  the  world  by  the  Humane 
Societies.  Too  much  cannot  be  said  in  praise  of  the 
work  being  accomplished  by  the  little  children  as  mem- 
bers of  Bands  of  Mercy. 

This  is  a  report  of  a  few  important  exhibits.  It  was 
impossible  for  me  to  give  an  accurate  report  of  all  the 
important  exhibits  viewed  by  Jury  Group  129.  There 
were  several  things  I  consider  of  vital  importance  to 
humanity  exhibited  under  other  groups,  —  you  will  no 
doubt  receive  reports  concerning  them.  One  was  the 


GROUP   JURORS  255 

"Model  Nursery,"  which  appeals  to  all  womankind. 
Another,  the  School  exhibits  in  manual  training,  draw- 
ing, nature  study,  and  kindergarten  exhibits.  Most  of  this 
work  is  developed  through  the  training  of  the  powers  of 
the  child  by  our  great  army  of  noble  women  teachers. 

Group  135,  Miss  Margaret  Wade,  Washington,  D.  C., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Provident  Institutions," 
the  six  classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented: 
Savings  banks.  Life  insurance.  Accident  insurance. 
Sickness  insurance.  Old  age  and  invalidity  insurance. 
Fire,  marine,  and  other  insurance  of  property. 

Miss  Wade  expressed  a  somewhat  pessimistic  view 
of  the  work  of  women  in  this  special  department,  as 
she  said  "the  part  taken  by  women  as  shown  by  their 
exhibits  showed  no  high  degree  of  excellence,  the  only 
exhibit  in  Group  135  being  not  up  to  the  standard,  and, 
therefore,  in  her  opinion,  it  would  have  been  no  advantage 
to  women  to  have  had  their  work  exhibited  separately." 

This  would  be  a  somewhat  difficult  class,  no  doubt, 
for  women  to  endeavor  to  make  an  exhibit,  because, 
while  thousands  of  them  are  employed  in  the  offices  of 
insurance  companies,  and  as  solicitors,  it  is  probably 
not  a  field  in  which  they  will  assume  the  risks  involved, 
for  many  years  to  come. 

Group  136,  Miss  Jane  Addams,  Hull  House,  Chicago, 

111.,  Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Housing  of  the  Working 
Classes,"  the  five  classes  into  which  it  was  divided 


256  REPORT 

represented:  Building  and  sanitary  regulations.  Erec- 
tion of  improved  dwellings  by  employers.  Erection  of 
improved  dwellings  by  private  efforts.  Erection  of  im- 
proved dwellings  by  public  authorities.  General  efforts 
for  betterment  of  housing  conditions. 

Miss  Addams  says  in  her  report  as  Group  Juror  of 
the  above :  — 

From  the  nature  of  the  exhibits  in  this  Department  it 
is  difficult  to  divide  the  work  of  women  from  that  of 
men,  for  although  the  erection  of  dwellings  by  public 
authorities  as  in  London  was  naturally  done  through 
men  who  were  members  of  the  London  County  Council, 
and  while  the  model  dwellings  erected  by  large  employ- 
ers, such  as  those  built  by  Mr.  Cadbury  at  Port  Sunlight, 
England,  or  by  the  Krupp  Company  in  Germany,  were 
naturally  carried  through  altogether  by  men,  the  earli- 
est efforts  for  amelioration  in  housing  conditions  and 
in  many  cases  the  initiatory  measures  for  improved 
dwellings,  have  been  undertaken  by  women. 

The  activities  of  Octavia  Hill  in  London  preceded 
by  many  years  the  Governmental  action,  and  there  is 
no  doubt  that  the  creditable  showing  she  was  able  to 
make  on  the  financial  as  well  as  on  the  social  and  edu- 
cational side  had  much  to  do  with  making  the  move- 
ment for  better  housing  popular  in  London.  The  ef- 
forts of  Fraiilein  Krupp  in  connection  with  the  model 
housing  at  Eisen  are  also  well  known,  although,  of 
course,  this  was  not  indicated  in  the  Krupp  exhibit. 

Of  the  five  Grands  Prix  which  were  given  for  general 
achievements  disconnected  with  exhibits,  only  one  was 


GROUP   JURORS  257 

awarded  to  a  woman,  that  to  Miss  Octavia  Hill,  al- 
though a  silver  medal  was  also  awarded  to  Frau  Ross- 
bach  of  Leipsic,  Germany.  Two  gold  medals  were 
given  to  American  enterprises  in  model  housing  which 
were  carried  on  almost  exclusively  by  women:  one  to 
the  Boston  Cooperative  Society,  which  was  founded 
and  largely  directed  by  Mrs.  Alice  Lincoln,  and  one  to 
the  Octavia  Hill  Association  of  Philadelphia. 

On  the  whole,  the  special  work  of  women  in  connec- 
tion with  housing  showed  most  satisfactory  results  in 
"rent  collecting,"  which  has  become  a  dignified  pro- 
fession for  many  English  ladies  who  conscientiously 
use  it  as  a  means  of  moral  and  educational  uplift  to 
those  most  in  need  of  sustained  and  continuous  help. 
Improvements  in  housing  conditions  are  so  closely  con- 
nected with  the  rate  of  mortality  among  little  children, 
with  the  chances  for  decency  and  right  living  among 
young  girls,  with  the  higher  standards  and  opportunities 
for  housewives,  that  it  has  naturally  attracted  the  help 
of  women  from  the  beginning  of  the  crowded  tenement 
conditions  which  unhappily  prevail  in  every  modern  city. 

Group  139,    Miss    Mary  E.  Perry,    St.  Louis,    Mo., 

Juror. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "Charities  and  Correc- 
tion," the  seven  classes  into  which  it  was  divided,  re- 
presented :  Destitute,  neglected,  and  delinquent  children. 
Institutional  care  of  destitute  adults.  Care  and  relief 
of  needy  families  in  their  homes.  Hospitals,  dispensaries, 
and  nursing.  The  insane,  feeble-minded,  and  epileptic. 
Treatment  of  criminals.  Identification  of  criminals. 
Supervisory  and  educational  movements. 


258  REPORT 

Miss  Perry  reports:  — 

The  nature  of  the  exhibits  in   Department  "O," 
Group  139,  was  as  follows :  — 


Class  784  — 
Vacation  Play-Ground 
Philadelphia  Night  College  for  Girls 
Missouri  Industrial  School  for  Girls 
Illinois  Industrial  School  for  Girls 
Industrial  School  for  Girls,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Class  785  — 

Door  of  Hope 
Class  786  — 

Committee  on  Tuberculosis  of  the  Charity 
Organization  Society  of  the  City  of  New 
York 

Class  787— 

Johns  Hopkins  School  for  Nurses 
Anatomical  and  Pathological  Exhibit 
Class  788  — 

Seguin  School  for  Backward  Children 
Compton  School  for  Nervous  Children 
Chicago  Hospital  School 
Class  789  — 

Police  Supplies  and  Detective  exhibit 
Class  790  — 

Missouri  State  Board  of  Charities 
New  Hampshire  State  Board  of  Charities 
Massachusetts    Charity    and    Correctional 
Exhibit  and  Jewish  Charitable  and  Educa- 
tional Union 

The  Catholic  University  of  America  made  an 
exhibit  of  all  the  Catholic  Institutions  relat- 
ing to  Charities  and  Correction,  which  was 
collected  and  installed  by  the  Union  but 
put  in  charge  of  the  "Queen's  Daughters  " 


Mrs.  E.  A.  De  Wolfe. 
Mrs.  Wilson. 
Mrs.  De  Bolt. 
Mrs.  Ameigh. 
Amy  J.  Rule. 

Mrs.  Moise. 


Miss  Brandt. 

Miss  Ross. 

Mrs.  Corrine  B.  Eckley. 

Mrs.  Seguin. 
Fanny  A.  Compton. 
Mary  R.  Campbell. 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Holland. 

Miss  Mary  E.  Perry, 
Mrs.  Lilian  Streator. 


By  Committee  of  Ladies. 


Miss  Mary  Hoxsey, 


GROUP   JURORS  259 

The  approximate  number  of  exhibits  by  women 
was  — 

Class  784  35  per  cent. 

785  30 

786  20 

787  40 

788  30 

789  15 

790  40 
Total,  30  per  cent,  (average) 

The  most  striking  exhibits  were  by  the 
Missouri  State  Board  of  Charities; 
Massachusetts  Exhibit  in  Charities  and  Correction -, 
Johns  Hopkins  School  for  Nurses; 
Committee  on  Tuberculosis  of  the  Charity  Organ- 
ization Society  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

It  is  a  very  noticeable  fact  that  women  are  taking  the 
place  of  men  in  charitable  institutions.  This  fact,  how- 
ever, is  more  clearly  demonstrated  in  the  general  Edu- 
cational Exhibit.  The  exhibits  relating  to  dispensaries 
and  nurses  were  mostly  prepared  by  women — in  fact, 
they  seem  to  have  a  monopoly  in  this  particular  line  of 
work. 

A  part  of  the  Anatomical  and  Pathological  Exhibit 
was  in  charge  of  Mrs.  Eckley,  anatomist,  from  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago,  111. 

The  number  of  women  entering  this  field  was  shown 
to  be  steadily  on  the  increase,  and  the  exhibit  relating  to 
medical  schools  also  showed  a  great  increase  in  the 
number  of  students. 


260  REPORT 

Nearly  all  of  the  reformatory  schools  for  girls  and 
prisons  and  reformatories  for  women  are  under  the 
charge  of  women,  and  a  great  many  of  the  state  boards 
of  charities  are  practically  under  their  control. 

Women  are  taking  the  place  of  men  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  charities  in  the  larger  cities,  and  Mrs.  M.  E. 
Holland,  who  installed  the  Exhibit  on  Police  Supplies 
and  who  is  also  the  editor  of  the  "Detective,"  was,  at 
the  same  time,  in  charge  of  the  Chicago  Police  Exhibit. 
This  is  one  of  the  cases  where  a  woman  has  entered  the 
profession  of  detective. 

No  foreign  exhibits  were  installed  by  women,  al- 
though about  fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  foreign  exhibits 
were  prepared  by  women. 

The  most  noticeable  work  given  to  women  at  the  Fair 
was  along  the  lines  demanding  executive  ability,  as  is 
required  in  organizing  exhibits  where  tact  and  business 
capacity  are  essential  to  success.  Their  work  differed 
from  the  work  at  other  expositions  in  the  fact  that  scien- 
tific material  was  presented  in  an  attractive  and  com- 
prehensive way  so  as  to  be  easily  understood  and  ap- 
preciated by  the  general  visitor.  Their  work  could 
easily  be  compared  to  that  of  men.  It  was  of  the  same 
grade,  and  there  seemed  to  be  no  question  or  sugges- 
tion of  inferiority. 

The  work  of  women  was  as  well  appreciated  when 
placed  by  the  side  of  that  of  men  as  when  separately 
exhibited,  and  the  results  would  not  have  been  better 
if  separately  exhibited.  Exhibits  must  be  scientifically 
classified  in  order  to  be  appreciated  by  the  general 
visitor.  If  the  exhibits  prepared  by  women  had  been 
separated,  it  would  have  left  a  great  gap  in  the  scientific 


GROUP  JURORS  261 

arrangement  required  in  a  collective  exhibit  as  in  Group 
139.  The  exhibits  in  this  line  prepared  by  women  would 
not  and  could  not  have  covered  the  subject  completely. 

There  were  no  manufacturers  in  Group  139  except 
manufacturers  of  prison  cells,  and  no  women  are  em- 
ployed in  such  factories. 

Thirty  per  cent,  of  the  work  of  organizing,  collecting 
and  installing  exhibits  in  Group  139  was  performed  by 
women,  and  about  forty  per  cent,  of  the  actual  work 
was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  women,  such  as 
teachers  in  reformatory  institutions,  etc. 

All  women  preparing  and  organizing  exhibits  in  this 
group  received  awards.  The  exact  proportion  cannot 
be  determined  until  the  jury  make  their  final  report. 

Naturally  there  were  no  inventions  by  women  in  this 
group,  but  the  exhibits  made,  or  nearly  all  of  them, 
were  improvements  on  such  work  at  former  exposi- 
tions, and  a  great  deal  of  originality  was  displayed, 
presenting  scientific  material  and  installment  of  ex- 
hibits. 

The  artistic  genius  and  method  of  displaying  scien- 
tific material  made  this  group  very  interesting  to  the 
general  public,  and  the  subjects  could  be  comprehended 
with  but  little  effort  by  the  passing  visitor.  At  former 
expositions  such  subjects  received  little  attention,  and 
were  of  no  interest  except  to  scientific  investigators. 

This  exhibit  as  a  whole  showed  that  women  have 
taken  possession  of  several  lines  of  work,  such  as  teach- 
ing and  nursing,  and  that  men  have  been  practically 
forced  out  of  these  occupations.  It  also  showed  that  they 
are  entering  many  new  fields,  such  as  the  medical  pro- 
fession, and  even  becoming  detectives,  which  demon- 


262  REPORT 

strates  the  fact  that  they  are  not  inferior  to  men,  but 
are  more  specially  adapted  to  certain  lines  of  work. 

Group  141,  Mrs.  E.  P.  Turner,  Dallas,  Texas,  Juror. 
Owing  to  illness  Mrs.  Turner  served  but  two  days  on 
this  jury,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mrs.  Conde  Hamlin, 
who  had  been  named  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
as  Mrs.  Turner's  alternate. 

Under  the  Group  heading  "  Municipal  Government," 
the  five  classes  into  which  it  was  divided  represented: 
City  organization.  Protection  of  life  and  property. 
Public  service  industries.  Streets  and  sewers.  Parks, 
baths,  recreation,  city  beautification,  etc. 

Mrs.  Hamlin  became  secretary  of  this  jury  and  reports 
as  follows :  — 

In  the  department  in  which  I  was  a  juror,  namely, 
Municipal  Government,  a  good  deal  of  the  work  was  in- 
spired by  women,  and  some  of  it  prepared  by  women. 
Women's  work  in  civic  improvement  is  well  to  the  front. 
The  work  in  the  vacation  schools  which  was  shown,  in 
play-grounds,  for  clean  streets,  for  smoke  abatement, 
for  better  disposition  of  garbage,  has  in  many  cities 
been  largely  inspired  by  women.  In  fact,  I  know  of  no 
department  where  the  women  of  the  leisure  class  are 
more  actively  interested  and  more  efficient  than  in  civic 
improvement  work,  and  the  results  reached  through 
the  activities  of  the  municipal  leagues,  through  offi- 
cials, have  been  most  marked.  The  Twin  City  Munici- 
pal Exhibit  I  myself  designed,  and  largely  prepared 
and  administered,  and  I  was  the  resident  member  of 
the  Municipal  Commission. 


GROUP   JURORS  263 

The  nature  of  the  exhibits  in  this  department  were 
charts  and  photographs,  literature  on  civic  improve- 
ment work  for  and  by  children  in  play-grounds,  school 
gardens,  etc.  Civic  work  of  women's  clubs.  The  civil 
improvement  movement  may  be  said  to  have  had  its 
inception  and  development  since  the  Chicago  Fair, 
hence  the  display  at  St.  Louis  showed  a  decided  and 
marked  advance  over  the  work  of  a  similar  nature 
shown  at  Chicago,  but,  naturally,  there  were  no  exhibits 
from  foreign  women,  municipal  betterment  work  being 
new  for  both  men  and  women  in  the  present  under- 
standing of  the  term.  The  work  shown,  of  course,  re- 
lating as  it  does  to  the  social  life  of  cities,  would  prove 
helpful  to  those  interested  in  the  advancement  and  suc- 
cess of  women 's  work.  I  saw  no  difference  in  appre- 
ciation shown  in  comparing  the  work  of  men  and 
women;  the  very  nature  of  the  work  would  not  permit 
of  its  being  separately  exhibited,  and  it  was  not  in  all 
cases  shown  which  had  been  performed  or  accomplished 
by  women  —  which  by  men.  Although  much  of  the 
work  had  been  stimulated  by  women,  just  how  much 
they  actually  performed  I  cannot  say,  and  only  two  or 
three  awards  were  given  to  women. 


REPORTS  OF   DEPARTMENT   JURORS   AND 
SUPERIOR  JUROR 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  given  recognition 
on  each  of  the  Department  Juries,  fifteen  in  number, 
namely:  Education,  Art,  Liberal  Arts,  Manufactures, 
Machinery,  Electricity,  Transportation  Exhibits,  Agri- 
culture, Horticulture,  Forestry,  Mines  and  Metallurgy, 
Fish  and  Game,  Anthropology,  Social  Economy,  Phys- 
ical Culture. 

DEPARTMENT  JURORS 

Department  A,  Education,  Dr.  Howard  J.  Rogers, 
Chief.  Mrs.  W.  E.  Fischel,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Depart- 
ment Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  5  Groups  and  26  Classes, 
the  Group  headings  being  Elementary  Education,  Sec- 
ondary Education,  Higher  Education,  Special  Education 
in  Fine  Arts,  Special  Education  in  Agriculture,  Special 
Education  in  Commerce  and  Industry,  Education  of 
Defectives,  and  Special  forms  of  Education,  —  Text- 
books, School  Furniture,  and  School  Appliances. 

Mrs.  Fischel  writes :  — 

The  queries  relative  to  woman's  work  at  the  Exposi- 
tion were  duly  received.  I  have  given  very  careful  con- 
sideration to  the  request  of  the  accompanying  letter,  and 
have  deferred  my  answer  so  as  to  deliberate  most  in- 
telligently. Reading  the  questions  over  I  found  myself 
unable  to  form  any  opinion  of  woman's  work  as  wo- 


DEPARTMENT   JURORS  265 

man's  work;  indeed,  I  have  held  very  strongly  to  the 
opinion  that  the  one  great  thing  accomplished  for 
women  in  this  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  was  the 
exhibition  of  work  as  work  without  distinction  as  to  sex. 
In  the  jury  room  when  I  served,  no  consideration  of 
award  was  given  to  any  sex  characteristic,  and  not  hav- 
ing viewed  the  exhibits  with  any  idea  of  specializing 
this  feature,  I  find  myself  now  at  a  loss  to  particularize 
and  say  there  was  such  a  per  cent,  of  woman's  work. 

Department  B,  Art,  Prof.  Halsey  C.  Ives,  Chief. 
This  Department  comprised  6  Groups,  and  18  Classes, 
the  Group  headings  being:  Paintings  and  Drawings; 
Engravings  and  Lithographs;  Sculpture;  Architecture; 
Loan  Collection;  and  Original  Objects  of  Art  Work- 
manship. 

The  Board  was  most  unfortunate  in  not  being  able  to 
obtain  the  services  of  the  prominent  artists  named  for 
this  position,  all  being  abroad  at  the  time  notice  of  their 
appointment  was  sent,  and  having  engagements  upon 
their  return  that  rendered  it  impossible  for  them  to 
reach  St.  Louis  in  time  to  serve. 

Department  C,  Liberal  Arts,  Col.  John  A.  Ocherson,N 

Chief. 

This  Department  comprised  13  Groups  and  116 
Classes,  the  Group  headings  being:  Typography,  Va- 
rious Printing  Processes;  Photography;  Books  and 
Publications,  Book-Binding;  Maps  and  Apparatus  for 
Geography,  Cosmography,  Topography;  Instruments 
of  precision;  Philosophical  Apparatus,  etc.;  Coins  and 


266  REPORT 

Medals;  Medicine  and  Surgery;  Musical  Instruments; 
Theatrical  appliances  and  equipment;  Chemical  and 
Pharmaceutical  arts;  Manufacture  of  paper;  Civil  and 
military  engineering;  Models,  plans,  and  designs  for 
public  works;  Architectural  engineering. 

Mrs.  H.  A.  Langford,  of  Chicago,  111.,  was  appointed 
as  Juror  in  this  Department,  but  did  not  receive  notice 
in  time. 

Department  D,  Manufactures,  Milan  H.  Hulbert, 
Chief.  Miss  Thekla  M.  Bernays,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
Department  Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  24  Groups  and  231 
Classes,  the  Group  headings  being:  Stationery;  Cutlery; 
Silversmiths'  and  Goldsmiths'  ware;  Jewelry;  Clock 
and  Watch-making;  Productions  in  marble,  bronze, 
cast-iron,  and  wrought-iron ;  Brushes,  fine  leather  ar- 
ticles, fancy  articles  and  basket- work;  Articles  for  travel- 
ing and  for  camping;  India-rubber  and  gutta-percha 
industries;  Toys;  Decoration  and  fixed  furniture  of 
buildings  and  dwellings;  Office  and  household  furni- 
ture; Stained  glass;  Mortuary  monuments  and  under- 
takers'furnishings ;  Hardware;  Paper-hanging;  Carpets, 
tapestries,  and  fabrics  for  upholstery;  Upholsterers' 
decorations;  Ceramics;  Plumbing  and  sanitary  ma- 
terials ;  Glass  and  crystal ;  Apparatus  and  processes  for 
heating  and  ventilation;  Apparatus  and  methods,  not 
electrical,  for  lighting;  Textiles;  Equipment  and  pro- 
cesses used  in  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics ;  Equip- 
ment and  processes  used  in  bleaching,  dyeing,  printing, 
and  finishing  textiles  in  their  various  stages;  Equip- 


DEPARTMENT   JURORS  267 

ment  and  processes  used  in  sewing  and  making  wearing 
apparel;  Threads  and  fabrics  of  cotton;  Threads  and 
fabrics  of  flax,  hemp,  etc.;  Cordage;  Yarns  and  fabrics 
of  wool;  Silk  and  fabrics  of  silk;  Laces,  embroidery, 
and  trimmings;  Industries  producing  wearing  apparel 
for  men,  women,  and  children ;  Leather,  boots  and  shoes, 
furs  and  skins,  fur  clothing;  Various  industries  con- 
nected with  clothing. 

Miss  Bernays  reports  as  follows :  — 

In  order  to  arrive  at  an  accurate  idea  of  the  value  of 
women's  work  as  compared  with  men's,  it  would  have 
been  necessary  to  study  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  from 
the  time  of  its  opening  to  the  close,  with  a  view  to  col- 
lecting data  and  statistics  on  this  question.  Further- 
more, to  get  definite  results  regarding  the  progress  of 
women  since  the  Columbian  Exposition  one  would  have 
had  to  have  access  to  the  researches  and  statistics  of 
former  expositions  on  this  subject,  if  such  there  exist. 
I  visited  both  the  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893  and 
the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900,  but  I  have  only  inpres- 
sions  of  the  work  by  women  as  exhibited  there.  Nor  can 
I  furnish  figures,  percentages,  or  even  accurate  esti- 
mates of  women's  work  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex- 
position. The  observations  subjoined  have  value  only 
in  so  far  as  the  interest  in  women's  work  lies  always  in 
the  undercurrent  of  my  thought.  Even  under  the  ter- 
rific stress  of  the  enormous  amount  of  work  pressed 
into  the  few  short  days  of  jury-duty,  I  was  vividly  im- 
pressed with  the  dignity  of  the  work  accomplished  in 
arts  and  crafts  by  the  women  of  Germany,  where  it  was 


268  REPORT 

exhibited  together  with  that  of  men.  In  the  one  instance 
where  women  secluded  themselves,  it  was  shown  with 
appalling  force  that  the  result  was  tawdry  and  inhar- 
monious. 

I  was  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  to 
serve  upon  the  Department  Jury  in  the  same  classi- 
fication of  which  I  had  served  as  Group  Juror,  for 
" Kunstgewerbe "  (Arts  and  Crafts).  Finding  my 
group  divided  into  four  classes,  —  Fixed  inner  decora- 
tion, Furniture,  Stained  glass,  and  Mortuary  monu- 
ments, with  numberless  exhibits  in  various  buildings, 
all  over  the  grounds,  —  I  elected  to  serve  in  the  class  for 
"Fixed  Inner  Decoration."  I  was  aware  that  I  had 
been  appointed  for  Germany  because  of  the  great  in- 
terest I  had  taken  in  the  movement  for  harmony  in 
household  art  inaugurated  in  Germany  about  ten  years 
ago.  This  movement  admits  of  no  division  into  "fixed 
inner  decoration"  and  "furniture,"  etc.,  but  regards 
the  arrangement  and  decoration  of  spaces  with  a  view 
to  the  effect  of  the  "ensemble."  Following  the  lead  of 
our  distinguished  Chairman,  Dr.  Wuthesius,  we  ad- 
hered to  this  idea  in  spite  of  the  barbarous  separation 
ordered  by  the  official  instructions.  Thus  I  was  enabled 
to  gain  an  insight  into  what  women  were  accomplishing 
in  industrial  art,  which  would  have  been  impossible  had 
I  permitted  myself  to  look  only  upon  "fixed  inner  deco- 
ration." 

The  exhibits  made  by  our  own  country  in  household 
art  were  meagre  compared  to  those  of  several  foreign 
countries,  notably  Germany  and  Austria.  Nor  was  it 
possible  to  gain  information  from  our  exhibitors  as 
full  and  as  accurate  as  from  some  of  the  foreigners. 


DEPARTMENT   JURORS  269 

Here  again  the  Germans  were  to  the  front  with  a  com- 
plete, reliable,  and  artistically  finished  catalogue,  which 
they  freely  distributed  amongst  the  jurors.  Only  the 
Japanese  were  as  perfectly  equipped  in  the  matter  of 
literature  on  their  exhibits  and  as  lavish  of  information 
to  the  jurors  as  the  Germans. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  American  women  are  as  ex- 
tensively employed  in  industrial  art  as  the  women  of 
Europe,  but  excepting  in  pottery  their  forward  stride 
was  not  made  to  appear  pronounced  at  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition.  Women's  work,  as  a  maker  of 
laces,  was  not  so  exhibited  as  to  make  it  readily  dis- 
tinguishable from  men's,  although  it  must  have  entered 
largely  into  the  exhibits  made,  which,  however,  as  I 
have  just  said,  did  not  adequately  represent  the  United 
States,  many  of  the  best  and  most  renowned  Eastern 
firms  having  chosen  to  absent  themselves. 

Nor  were  foreign  women,  always  the  Germans  and 
Austrians  excepted,  frequent  or  prominent  in  the  show- 
ing made.  In  the  two  countries  mentioned  women  have 
been  undoubtedly  taken  up  as  factors  which  hereafter 
are  to  count  in  the  arts  and  crafts.  We  found  German 
women  in  a  perceptible  number  exhibiting  side  by  side 
with  men,  holding  their  own  fairly  well  in  decorative 
painting,  as  designers  of  rooms,  —  of  carpets,  and  wall- 
coverings, —  workers  in  iron  and  other  metals,  while  in 
tapestry,  weaving,  embroidery,  and  lace-work  their  ad- 
vance is  nothing  short  of  astonishing. 

Wherever  in  the  Varied  Industries  Building,  in  the 
German  House,  in  the  Austrian  Pavilion,  and  elsewhere, 
the  work  of  German  women  was  incorporated  into  the 
general  scheme  of  the  decorations  and  furnishings, 


270  REPORT 

wherever  women  together  with  men  designed  and 
planned,  or  wherever  they  carried  out  the  designs  of 
men,  harmony  was  the  result.  Women's  work  was 
found  to  blend  perfectly  with  men's  when  both  worked 
on  a  common  plan  to  a  common  end.  Of  course,  wo- 
men in  German  art,  as  elsewhere,  are  numerically 
immensely  in  the  minority,  nor  do  they  as  yet  often 
attempt  the  grand,  the  monumental,  the  complex.  But 
many  of  them  are  honest  and  efficient  helpers,  whose 
eyes  and  hands  show  excellent  training.  They  are, 
besides,  enthusiastic  supporters  and  intelligent  abettors 
of  the  new  movement  which  aims  to  achieve  homo- 
geneousness  in  the  arts  of  living. 

Again  and  again  in  the  German  exhibits  one  was 
constrained  to  note  that  the  female  members  of  an 
artist's  family  were  frequently  represented  by  work  of 
their  own.  One  encountered  Bruno  and  Frau  Wille, 
joint  designers  of  rooms,  carpets,  wall-coverings ;  Prof. 
Behrens'  wife  plans  a  variety  of  things  from  costumes  to 
book-covering.  There  are  feminine  Hubers,  Spindlers, 
Laengers  in  the  catalogue,  showing  that  the  Germans, 
who  have  been  so  long  reckoned  as  addicted  to  the  cult 
of  the  "Hausfrau"  only,  are  beginning  to  accord  the 
woman-artist  due  recognition. 

It  was  all  the  more  amazing  to  find  that  Germany,  the 
very  Germany  who,  by  general  verdict,  had  given  the 
most  complete  exhibit  of  household  art  ever  shown  at 
any  exposition,  who,  as  I  have  just  pointed  out,  had 
brought  forward  its  crafts-women  in  no  contemptible 
role,  should  all  unconsciously  furnish  the  striking,  the 
classical  example,  of  the  folly  of  separating  the  sexes 
at  an  exposition.  The  "  Verein  Berliner  Kunstlevinnen  " 
made  an  exhibit  of  exclusively  feminine  work  which 


DEPARTMENT   JURORS  271 

was  as  pointedly  painful,  as  conspicuously  lacking  in 
force  and  originality,  as  confused  as  to  arrangement,  as 
have  been  all  the  previous  displays,  where  the  accen- 
tuated feminine  was  relegated  to  separate  little  build- 
ings or  separate  little  corners  in  buildings.  I  saw  more 
than  one  German  artist  hustle  his  American  friends 
past  that  part  of  the  Varied  Industries  Building  where 
abominations  of  his  misguided  country-women  were 
on  view.  And  more  than  one  told  me  that  it  was  a 
slander  on  what  German  women  could  do.  This  only 
goes  to  prove  what  the  action  of  the  authorities  in  charge 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  believed  to  be 
the  fact:  That  the  exhibition  of  women's  work  apart 
from  men's  runs  to  the  tawdry,  the  insignificant,  and 
the  unnecessary.  Therefore,  separation  of  the  sexes 
in  the  display  at  expositions  should  not  be  tolerated. 

Department  E,  Machinery,  Mr.  Thomas  M.  Moore, 
Chief.    Miss  Edith   J.  Griswold,   New  York   City, 
Department  Juror. 
This    Department    comprised    5    Groups    and    35 

Classes,  the   Group  headings  being:    Steam  engines. 

Various  motors.     General  Machinery.    Machine  tools. 

Arsenal  tools. 

Miss  Griswold  says: 

After  considerable  consideration  I  almost  feel  that 
the  least  said  about  women  exhibitors  in  the  Machinery 
Department  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  the 
better.  The  fact  is,  there  were  no  women  exhibitors. 
However,  in  this  Department  the  exhibitors  were  mostly 
old  firms  or  very  large  manufacturers,  and  while  women 


272  REPORT 

are  undoubtedly  making  their  way  into  mechanics,  they 
have  not  been  in  the  field  long  enough  to  have  reached 
a  point  where  their  work,  of  a  nature  to  form  exposition 
exhibits,  can  compete  with  man's  work.  The  Chief  of 
the  Machinery  Department,  and  one  other  member  of 
the  Jury,  mentioned  a  Miss  Gleason,  who  is  connected 
with  one  of  the  firms  that  exhibited,  and  spoke  of  her 
ability  in  the  mechanical  line  and  her  knowledge  of  me- 
chanics in  the  highest  of  terms.  Women  are  employed 
in  various  capacities  in  nearly  every  line  of  work  that 
was  exhibited  in  this  Department,  and  Miss  Gleason's 
probably  stands  as  an  example  of  the  real  but  unosten- 
tatious work  of  many  women  who  understand  the  in- 
tricacies of  machinery  fully  as  well  as  men  with  the  same 
degree  of  training. 

That  women  are  making  a  place  for  themselves  in  this 
department  of  industry  is  shown  by  the  Patent  Office 
statistics.  The  first  patents  for  inventions  were  granted 
to  men  in  1790,  but  no  patent  was  issued  to  a  woman 
until  May  5, 1809,  and  the  number  of  inventions  granted 
to  them  in  any  one  year  did  not  exceed  six  until  the  year 
1862,  when  14  were  issued.  This  number  was  lowered 
but  once,  and  that  was  in  1865,  when  naturally  women 
had  responsibilities  of  a  nature  that  precluded  outside 
interests,  but  the  direction  of  which  is  shown  in  the  fact 
that  two  of  the  13  applications  in  that  year  were,  one 
for  "Improved  table  for  hospitals,"  the  other  for  "Im- 
provement in  drinking-cups  for  the  sick."  In  1863  an 
application  was  made  for  "  Improvement  in  ambulances." 

It  is  a  significant  fact  that  from  the  time  General 
Spinner  appointed  the  first  woman  to  be  employed 
under  the  Government  in  1864,  her  advancement  was 


DEPARTMENT   JURORS  273 

shown  in  invention,  as  well  as  in  all  other  phases  of  her 
existence.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year  1864,  55  years 
after  the  first  patent  had  been  granted  to  her,  she  had 
received  but  103  patents.  During  the  next  fifteen  years, 
1046  patents  were  granted;  during  the  next  ten,  1428, 
and  during  the  next  -five  years  (from  1889  to  1894), 
1309  patents  were  issued  to  women,  the  number  in 
five  years  exceeding  that  granted  during  the  first  70 
years.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  Patent  Office  re- 
cords do  not  show  a  classification  of  her  work  during  the 
past  ten  years,  their  list  practically  ceasing  March  1, 1895. 
The  inventions  cover  a  wide  and  ambitious  range,  and 
include,  even  among  their  earliest  attempts,  "  Improved 
war-vessel,  the  parts  applying  to  other  structures  for 
defenses,"  "Improvement  in  locomotive  wheels,"  in 
"Engraving  copper,"  "Steam  whistles,"  "Mechanism 
for  driving  sewing  machines,"  "Improved  material 
for  packing  journals  and  bearings,"  "Improvement  in 
the  mode  of  preventing  the  heating  of  axles  and  jour- 
nals," in  "Pyrotechnic  night  signals,"  in  "Paper  bag 
machines,"  in  "Railway  car  safety  apparatus,"  "Con- 
veyors of  smoke  and  cinders  for  locomotives,"  "  Sewing 
machines,"  in  "Alloys  for  hardening  iron,"  in  "Alloys 
to  resemble  silver,"  in  "  Devices  for  removing  snow  from 
railways,"  "Car  coupling,"  "Attachment  for  unloading 
box-cars,"  "Railroad  car,"  etc.,  etc. 

Department  F,  Electricity,  Prof.  W.  E.  Goldsborough, 
Chief.   Miss  Hope  Fairfax  Loughborough,  Depart- 
ment Juror. 
This  Department  comprised  5  Groups  and  24  Classes, 

the  Group  headings  being:  Machines  for  generating 


274  REPORT 

and  using  electricity.  Electro-chemistry.  Electric  light- 
ing. Telegraphy  and  telephony.  Various  applications 
of  electricity. 

Miss  Loughborough's  report  is  as  follows  :  — 

The  field  of  electricity  has  been  so  long  and  so  pe- 
culiarly a  man's  field  that  it  is  not  surprising  to  find 
that  in  the  5  Groups  and  24  Classes  which  the  Depart- 
ment of  Electricity  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion comprised,  only  two  exhibits  were  made  by  women, 
both  of  whom  were  Americans. 

One  of  these  exhibits  was  made  by  Mrs.  Alexander 
Baumgard,  of  New  York  City,  and  showed  an  auto- 
matic advertising  figure  actuated  by  an  electric  motor. 
The  figure  was  that  of  a  woman  standing  before  a  rack 
on  which  were  a  number  of  signs.  The  figure  stooped, 
picked  up  one  of  the  signs,  raised  it,  turned  a  quarter 
way  around,  in  order  to  display  it  to  the  best  advantage, 
and  replaced  the  sign.  The  next  movement  took  up  the 
next  sign,  and  so  on.  The  mechanism  was  actuated  by 
an  electric  motor,  which,  by  means  of  a  series  of  cams 
and  gears,  caused  it  to  go  through  the  various  move- 
ments. The  value  of  the  device  was  considered  very 
small,  as  there  are  other  more  effective  means  of  ad- 
vertising of  this  kind,  and  no  award  was  given  Mrs. 
Baumgard. 

The  other  exhibit  by  a  woman  was  made  by  Mrs. 
Blodgett,  and  consisted  of  ornamental  shades  for  elec- 
tric lights,  painted  by  hand.  These  shades  were  quite 
artistic  in  themselves  and  were  well  installed,  so  the 
exhibit  was  awarded  a  bronze  medal. 


DEPARTMENT  JURORS  275 

In  neither  of  these  exhibits  was  there  any  invention 
or  process  which  was  original. 

In  the  electrical  industry  there  is  practically  no  ma- 
chine or  apparatus  made  without  the  assistance  of  wo- 
men or  girls,  as  they  are  employed  in  every  electrical 
factory  for  insulating  and  winding  coils,  etc.  In  the 
manufacture  of  these,  the  percentage  of  women's  work 
is  from  three  to  ten  per  cent.  But  aside  from  this  purely 
mechanical  work,  women  have  contributed  little  or 
nothing  to  the  advancement  of  the  application  of  elec- 
tricity, either  before  the  Chicago  Exposition,  or  during 
the  past  eleven  years. 

Department  G,  Transportation  Exhibits,  Mr.  W.  A. 
Smith,  Chief.  Miss  Rose  Weld,  Newport  News,  Va., 
Department  Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  6  Groups  and  33 
Classes,  the  Group  headings  being:  Carriages  and 
Wheelwrights'  Work  —  Automobiles  and  Cycles.  Sad- 
dlery and  Harness.  Railways :  Yards,  stations,  freight 
houses,  terminal  facilities  of  all  kinds.  Material  and 
equipment  used  in  the  mercantile  marine.  Material 
and  equipment  of  naval  services,  naval  warfare.  Aerial 
navigation. 

Miss  Weld  briefly  reports :  — 

As  a  Department  Juror  I  saw  the  papers  of  every 
exhibitor,  and  there  were  no  exhibits  by  women  in  this 
Department  in  any  of  the  33  classes,  but  not  coming  in 
contact  with  any  of  the  exhibitors  I  can  give  no  exact 
information  about  the  work  done  by  women  in  the  man- 
ufacture or  construction  of  the  exhibits. 


276  REPORT 

Department  H,  Agriculture,  Mr.  Frederic  W.  Taylor, 
Chief.  Mrs.  Richard  P.  Bland,  Lebanon,  Mo., 
Department  Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  27  Groups  and  137 
Classes,  the  Group  headings  being:  Farm  equipment 

—  methods  of  improving  lands.     Agricultural  imple- 
ments and    farm    machinery.     Fertilizers.     Tobacco. 
Appliances  and  methods  used  in  agricultural  in,dus- 
tries.     Theory  of  agriculture  —  agricultural  statistics. 
Vegetable  food    products  —  agricultural    seeds.     Ani- 
mal food  products.    Equipment  and  methods  employed 
in  the  preparation  of  foods.    Farinaceous  products  and 
their  derivatives.    Bread  and  Pastry.    Preserved  Meat, 
fish,  vegetables   and   fruit.     Sugar  and  confectionery 

—  condiments  and  relishes.    Waters.    Wines  and  brand- 
ies.    Syrups  and  liquors  —  distilled  spirits  —  commer- 
cial alcohol.     Fermented  beverages.     Inedible  agricul- 
tural  products.     Insects    and   their   products  —  plant 
diseases.    Livestock:  Horses  and  mules;  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,   etc.,    swine,   dogs,   cats,    ferrets,    etc.,    poultry 
and  birds. 

Mrs.  Bland  says:  — 

Our  Jury  passed  upon  machinery  for  making  drinks, 
refrigerators,  refrigerating,  Sunny  Brook  Distillery, 
ice-making  plant,  beer-packers,  and  packages,  etc., 
bottle-washing  and  cleaning.  Bake-ovens,  candy  and 
chocolate  machines  also  came  within  our  jurisdiction. 
One  special  machine  of  French  make  was  for  making 
ice  for  families  and  on  the  farm;  these  were  small 
machines  and  would  make  from  10  to  300  pounds, 


DEPARTMENT   JURORS  277 

and  were  comparatively  cheap  and  within  the  reach  of 
many. 

There  was  an  interesting  and  unique  exhibit  from 
Germany  showing  canned  stews  and  other  edibles  to  be 
used  in  camp,  and  on  hunting  and  fishing  trips.  The 
can  had  an  interlining  of  tin,  and  between-  the  two  walls 
of  the  can  was  unslacked  lime;  by  making  a  hole  in 
each  end  of  the  can,  and  placing  first  one  end  and  then 
the  other  in  cold  water  for  five  minutes,  the  stew  was 
warmed  and  cooked. 

Mrs.  Bland  conducts  a  large  farm,  and  in  a  letter 
states  that  she  was  awarded  a  bronze  medal  at  this 
Exposition  for  her  exhibit  of  timothy  hay  and  Grimes 
Golden  apples. 

Mrs.  Bland  also  served  on  the  Jury  of  Awards  in  the 
Woman's  Department  at  the  Charleston  Exposition, 
and  it  was  her  opinion  that  there  is  a  great  opening  for 
women  in  house  furnishings,  designing  wall-paper,  and 
photography. 

Department  J,  Horticulture,  Mr.  Frederic  W.  Taylor, 
Chief.  Mrs.  Ida  L.  Turner,  Fort  Worth,  Texas, 
Department  Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  7  Groups  and  31 
Classes,  the  Group  headings  being:  Appliances  and 
methods  of  pomology,  viticulture,  floriculture,  and 
arboriculture.  Appliances  and  methods  of  viticulture. 
Pomology.  Trees,  shrubs,  ornamental  plants,  and 
flowers.  Plants  of  the  conservatory.  Seeds  and  plants 
for  gardens  and  nurseries.  Arboriculture  and  fruit  cul- 
ture. 


278  REPORT 

Mrs.  Turner  says :  — 

In  reply  to  your  questions  in  regard  to  the  work  of 
the  Woman  Jurors  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  will 
say  that  I  arrived  very  late  at  the  Exposition,  after  the 
Jury  had  about  finished  their  duties  in  the  Department 
of  Horticulture,  in  which  I  was  to  serve.  For  this  rea- 
son my  duties  were  limited,  and  I  had  little  opportunity 
to  examine  and  give  an  intelligent  estimate  of  the  part 
taken  by  women  in  this  Department. 

Department  K,  Forestry,  Mr.  Tarleton  H.  Bean,  Chief. 

Mrs.  J.  M.  Glenn,  Baltimore,  Md.,  Department  Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  3  Groups  and  14  Classes, 
under  the  Group  headings:  Appliances  and  processes 
used  in  forestry.  Products  of  the  cultivation  of  forests 
and  of  forest  industries.  Appliances  for  gathering  wild 
crops  and  products  obtained. 

No  report. 

Department  L,  Mines  and  Metallurgy,  Mr.  J.  A. 
Holmes,  Chief.  Mrs.  M.  G.  Scrutchin,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Department  Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  5  Groups  and  43  Classes, 
under  the  Group  headings:  Working  of  mines,  ore 
beds  and  stone  quarries.  Minerals  and  stones,  and  their 
utilization.  Mine  models,  maps,  photographs.  Metal- 
lurgy. Literature  of  mining,  metallurgy,  etc. 

Mrs.  Scrutchin  reports  as  follows :  — 

In  all  our  fairy-stories,  dwarfs  and  elves  live  below 
the  earth  and  deal  with  mines  and  their  dark  belong- 


DEPARTMENT   JURORS  279 

ings ;  the  fairies  live  above.  So  none  of  us  are  surprised 
to  find  few  women  in  this  line  of  exhibitors.  My  work 
as  a  member  of  the  Department  Jury  confined  me  to 
one  room  and  to  an  inspection  of  lists  submitted  by  the 
Group  Jurors.  So  I  really  had  no  opportunity  for 
specific  examination  of  the  various  groups  and  classes, 
except  where  some  doubt  was  expressed  as  to  the  val- 
idity of  an  award,  when  I  made  it  a  point  to  examine 
that  subject  with  more  or  less  care.  Many  women 
placed  specimens  of  clay  and  ore  in  their  state  collec- 
tions. Several  Georgia  women,  I  know,  did  this,  — 
some,  though  owning  and  operating  mines,  and  active  in 
submitting  specimens,  took  shelter  under  the  husband's 
name.  This  fact  also  came  under  my  own  observation. 

Nearly  all  these  exhibits  were  in  Group  116,  Class 
682.  One  collection  of  clays  and  pottery  produced  in  the 
interest  of  artistic  handicraft  came  from  the  Sophie 
Newcomb  Memorial  College  for  the  higher  education 
of  girls,  at  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  and  was  in  the 
same  group,  but  Class  690.  Many  like  collections  were 
seen  in  the  Educational  Building,  but  this  is  the  only 
one  given  space  in  the  Palace  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy. 

The  Woman's  Club  of  Pipestone,  Minn.,  showed 
specimens  of  pipestone  and  jasper  belonging  to  Group 
116,  Class  682.  In  the  whole  list  I  find  only  two  for- 
eigners, one  from  Toronto,  Canada,  and  the  other  from 
Taxco,  Guerrero,  Mexico,  both  such  near  neighbors 
to  our  own  country  as  hardly  to  seem  foreign.  The  one 
making  exhibition  from  Mexico,  Esther  Lopez,  is  as- 
sociated with  a  man,  Hernano,  brother,  or  husband,  I 
presume.  Group  118,  devoted  to  metallurgy,  had  only 
one  woman  exhibitor,  Mrs.  Abbie  Krebs,  San  Fran- 


280  REPORT 

cisco,  Cal.,  who  submitted  Redwood  Tanks  for  an 
award. 

I  do  not  recall  any  award  made  to  a  woman  in  the 
Department  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy.  Many  mer- 
cantile houses  and  large  corporations  were  competitors, 
and,  as  I  have  said  before,  many  women  sent  their 
specimens  to  their  respective  State  Exhibits,  and  so 
increased  the  chances  of  the  State  to  an  award. 

The  fine  Alaskan  exhibition  in  the  Alaska  Building 
was  collated,  I  understand,  by  a  woman.  I  did  not 
see  it,  and  did  not  learn  the  woman's  name,  though 
I  made  an  effort  to  do  so. 

From  my  observation,  I  think  the  work  of  the  women 
would  have  been  better  appreciated,  and  the  effect 
more  pronounced,  had  they  been  placed  in  a  separate 
building.  In  this  Department  of  Mines,  for  instance, 
every  woman  would  have  sent  to  the  Woman's  Building 
instead  of  to  the  State  Exhibit,  and  a  greater  number 
would  have  been  on  record  as  exhibitors. 

The  only  two  exhibitions,  or  expositions  rather,  at  all 
approaching  the  one  in  St.  Louis  that  I  have  attended, 
were  the  Centennial  at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  the 
International  Cotton  Exposition  at  Atlanta,  in  1895. 
At  the  first,  I  do  not  recall  any  emphasis  on  what 
woman  had  done  except  in  the  lines  in  which  she  had 
always  worked,  —  art,  needlework,  and  dairy  products. 
In  Atlanta,  as  at  Chicago,  there  was  a  Woman's  Build- 
ing, and  here  were  found  her  work  in  all  lines,  and 
many  visitors  enjoyed  the  exhibition. 

The  recognition  of  woman  as  evidenced  by  her  ap- 
pointment on  the  juries  of  the  different  departments, 
both  Group  and  Department,  was  the  most  striking 
development  of  the  recent  great  expositions. 


DEPARTMENT  JURORS  281 

The  list  submitted  below  contains  the  names  of  all 
women  whose  names  appear  in  the  Official  Catalogue  of 
Exhibits  in  the  Department  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy : 

Sophie  Newcombe  Memorial  College  for  the  Higher 
Education  of  Girls,  of  New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  Clays 
and  pottery  produced  in  the  interest  of  artistic  handi- 
craft. Group  116,  Class  690. 

Mrs.  Abbie  Krebs,  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Redwood 
Tanks.  Group  118,  Class  702. 

Mrs.  George  Rupp,  Bessemer,  Mich.  Collection  of 
iron  ores,  needle,  grape,  kidney,  and  blackberry  ore. 
Group  116,  Class  682. 

Woman's  Club,  Pipestone,  Minn.  Pipestone  and 
Jasper.  Group  116,  Class  682. 

Mrs.  Helen  M.  Schneider,  Eureka,  Nev.  Collection 
of  minerals.  Group  116,  Class  682. 

Mrs.  George  W.  Pritchard,  White  Oaks,  New  Mexico. 
Lincoln  Co.  Ores.  Group  116,  Class  682. 

Mrs.  D.  D.  Menges,  Allentown,  Penn.  Iron  ores. 
Group  116,  Class  682. 

Mrs.  C.  Robinson,  Spokane,  Washington.  Arsenopy- 
rite  ore.  Group  116,  Class  682. 

Mrs.  Haliburton,  Bridge  wood,  Bridgewood  Co.,  On- 
tario, Can.  Minerals.  Group  116,  Class  682. 

Esther  y  Hernano  Lopez,  Taxco,  Province  of  Guer- 
rero, Mexico.  Silver  ores.  Group  116,  Class  682. 

Department    M,  Fish  and   Game,   Mr.   Tarleton  H. 
Bean,  Chief.     Mrs.   Mary  Stuart  Armstrong,  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  Department  Juror. 
This    Department    comprised    5    Groups    and    19 

Classes,  the  Group  headings  being:    Hunting  equip- 


282  REPORT 

ment.    Products  of  hunting.    Fishing  equipment  and 
products.  Products  of  Fisheries.   Fish  culture. 

No  report. 

Department    N,    Anthropology,    Dr.    W.    J.    McGee, 
Chief.    Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  De- 
partment Juror. 
This  Department  comprised  4  Groups  and  5  Classes, 

under  the  Group   headings:    Literature,  Somatology, 

Ethnology,  Ethnography. 

Mrs.  Nuttall  reports :  — 

Exhibits  of  original  work  by  women  in  these  four 
sections  were  conspicuous  by  their  absence.  At  the  same 
time  the  names  of  several  women  figure  in  the  catalogue 
as  collaborators  in  the  installment  of  archaeological  col- 
lections. Mrs.  Quibbell  and  Miss  Cox  gave  valuable 
assistance  in  arranging  the  Egyptian  exhibit  from  the 
Museum  at  Cairo. 

Miss  Mary  Louise  Dalton  not  only  helped  to  install 
the  archaeological  and  historical  specimens  belonging 
to  the  Missouri  Historical  Society,  but  was  also  insti- 
tuted as  the  Custodian  of  these  exhibits. 

It  is  impossible  to  overrate  the  value  of  the  services 
rendered  to  the  Exposition  by  the  Special  Commis- 
sioner for  History,  Miss  Florence  Hay  ward,  who  not 
only  secured  the  special  exhibit  of  the  Queen's  Jubilee 
Presents,  but  also  the  exhibits  of  the  Louisiana  State 
Historical  Society,  the  historical  exhibit  of  the  City  of 
New  Orleans,  and  several  interesting  private  collections. 


DEPARTMENT  JURORS  283 

The  highest  award  was  given  to  Miss  Hayward,  and 
bronze  medals  were  assigned  to  Miss  Dalton  and  to 
Miss  Valentine  Smith,  the  Secretary  of  the  Chicago 
Historical  Society,  who  installed  its  loan  exhibition,  and 
likewise  lent  some  documents  belonging  to  her  private 
collection. 

Two  women  only  figured  as  exhibitors  of  single  eth- 
nological and  archaeological  objects,  but  merely  as  their 
possessors. 

The  foregoing  facts  establish  that  of  the  sections 
under  consideration  (Ethnology,  Archeology,  and  His- 
tory), it  was  in  the  section  of  history  that  women  dis- 
tinguished themselves  most  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition. 
It  may  perhaps  be  said  that  the  activity  of  women  in 
bringing  together  and  classifying  historical  material 
was  a  feature  of  the  Exposition  and  marks  an  encour- 
aging stage  in  the  history  of  women's  work  in  the  United 
States. 

Department  O,  Social  Economy,  Dr.  Howard  J.  Rogers, 
Chief.  Miss  Jane  Addams,  Chicago,  111.,  Department 
Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  13  Groups  and  58 
Classes,  the  Group  headings  being:  Study  and  investi- 
gation of  social  and  economic  conditions.  Economic 
resources  and  organization.  State  regulation  of  in- 
dustry and  labor.  Organization  of  industrial  workers. 
Methods  of  industrial  remuneration.  Cooperative 
institutions.  Provident  institutions.  Housing  of  the 
working  classes.  The  liquor  question.  General  bet- 
terment movements.  Charities  and  correction.  Public 
health.  Municipal  improvement. 


284  REPORT 

Miss  Addams  says  in  her  report  as  Department 
Juror  of  the  above:  — 

The  general  advance  in  social  betterment  has  been 
very  marked  in  the  eleven  years  intervening  since  the 
Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago,  and  women  have 
not  only  shared  that  advance,  but  have  undoubtedly 
contributed  more  than  their  proportionate  share  if 
tested  by  the  proportionate  value  of  their  exhibits  at 
Chicago  and  at  St.  Louis.  This  is  also  true  if  tested  by 
the  Social  Economy  Exhibits  made  in  Paris  in  1900, 
where  I  was  a  juror  in  the  Department  of  Social  Econ- 
omy. No  separate  exhibit  was  there  made  of  the  work 
of  women,  save  that  implied  in  the  exhibition  of  wo- 
men's philanthropic  societies.  At  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  their  separate  exhibits  were  not  only 
larger,  but  more  definite  and  coherent.  The  work  of 
women  was  as  much  appreciated  when  placed  by  the 
side  of  men  as  if  it  had  been  installed  by  itself,  and  the 
results  would  have  been  no  better  if  separately  exhib- 
ited. Certainly  nothing  in  the  entire  Department  at 
St.  Louis  was  more  successfully  installed  and  attracted 
more  favorable  attention  than  the  Twin  City  Museum 
which  occupied  an  entire  building  upon  the  Model 
Street,  and  was  under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  Conde 
Hamlin  of  St.  Paul,  who  had  also  planned  it  from  the 
beginning  and  was  made  Commissioner.  It  was  cer- 
tainly a  notable  achievement  to  have  one  such  exhibit 
as  that  standing  absolutely  upon  its  merits  and  dealing 
with  the  civic  and  general  social  conditions  as  they  are 
constantly  developing  in  our  large  and  growing  cities. 
It  had  suggestions  of  activities  along  a  dozen  lines 


DEPARTMENT  JURORS  285 

which  make  for  amelioration  of  urban  conditions,  as 
they  bear  hardest  upon  the  people  of  the  most  crowded 
quarters. 

To  quote  from  the  report  of  another  on  this  subject: 
"It  is  now  a  well-established  fact  that  women  most 
effectively  supplement  the  best  interests  and  the  fur- 
thering of  the  highest  aims  of  all  government  by  their 
numberless  charitable,  reformatory,  educational,  and 
other  beneficent  institutions  which  they  have  had  the 
courage  and  the  ideality  to  establish  for  the  allevia- 
tion of  suffering,  for  the  correction  of  many  forms  of 
social  injustice  and  neglect,  and  these  institutions  ex- 
ert a  strong  and  steady  influence  for  good,  an  influence 
which  tends  to  decrease  vice,  to  make  useful  citizens 
of  the  helpless  or  depraved,  to  elevate  the  standard 
of  morality,  and  to  increase  the  sum  of  human  hap- 
piness." 

Department  P,  Physical  Culture,  J.  E.  Sullivan 
Chief.  Miss  Clara  Hellwig,  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  Depart- 
ment Juror. 

This  Department  comprised  3  Groups  and  6  Classes, 
the  Group  headings  being:  Training  of  the  child  and 
adult  —  theory  and  practice.  Games  and  sports  for 
children  and  adults.  Equipment  for  games  and 
sports. 

Unfortunately  Miss  Hellwig  was  abroad,  and  did  not 
receive  notification  in  time  to  reach  St.  Louis  for  the 
jury  work. 


286  REPORT 

REPORT  OF  SUPERIOR   JUROR 

Mrs.  Philip  N.  Moore,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was  ap- 
pointed to  represent  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  on 
the  Superior  Jury,  and  in  a  general  resume*  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  Mrs.  Moore  says :  — 

If  the  organization  of  a  World  Exposition  begins 
years  before  its  doors  open,  if  public  opinion  changes 
in  a  decade,  it  may  be  well,  before  summing  up  the 
work  of  women  at  St.  Louis,  to  look  first  at  the  record 
of  achievement,  from  Chicago  in  1893  through  At- 
lanta, Nashville,  Omaha,  Paris,  and  Buffalo,  all  of 
which  led  gradually  to  the  high  plane  upon  which  we 
now  stand. 

Segregation  of  the  sexes  was  the  limited  understand- 
ing of  most  of  those  in  charge  of  former  expositions. 
Not  for  a  moment  would  I  imply  by  this  statement  that 
there  was  a  desire  to  give  the  work  of  women  a  lower 
grade  than  that  of  men;  rather  was  it  the  mistaken 
idea  of  drawing  attention  to  it,  as  something  better  and 
apart.  By  this  very  means  there  was  often  a  serious 
and  hurtful  comparison,  since  many  women  with  un- 
doubted ability  would  not  thus  place  their  exhibits.  It 
implied  that  in  the  special  group,  where  exhibit  was 
made,  woman's  mind  differed  from  that  of  man's  to 
the  extent  that  there  was  also  a  difference  in  the  result. 

We  owe  sincere  thanks  to  the  progressive  men  in 
charge  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  that  they 
listened  with  intelligent  appreciation  to  the  plea  from 
women  for  equal  representation,  wherever  their  work 
was  found  worthy. 


DEPARTMENT  JURORS  287 

There  is  no  mistaking  the  dignified  effect  of  this 
edict,  and  only  the  best  in  various  lines  gained  ad- 
mission to  the  exhibit  palaces. 

In  most  exhibits  the  larger  proportion  was  presented 
by  men;  and  in  similar  proportion  the  awards  were 
assigned.  There  was,  however,  no  distinction  made 
as  to  sex;  and  the  members  of  the  various  juries,  in- 
cluding women,  paid  as  careful  attention  to  the  one 
exhibit  as  to  the  other,  without  reference  to  name, 
—  often  the  only  indication  of  sex. 

There  were  some  Art,  Educational,  and  Economic 
exhibits,  placed  entirely  by  women,  showing  marvelous 
adaptability  to  the  limitations  of  environment,  and  also 
skill  in  artistic  and  practical  setting.  Looking  closely 
at  the  work  in  the  several  departments,  my  opinion  is 
that,  while  woman  has  not  gained  greatly  in  inventive 
or  constructive  arts,  she  has  gained  breadth  in  the  ap- 
plied arts  and  has  grown  immeasurably  in  freedom  of 
execution.  This  has  been  obtained  partly  by  the  con- 
tact with  man's  work,  extending  through  many  cen- 
turies in  advance,  and  partly  by  the  very  fact  that  she 
must  now  stand  only  on  her  own  merits. 

Women  from  foreign  lands  entered  into  competition 
in  the  Departments  of  Art,  Education,  and  Liberal  Arts 
to  a  very  slight  extent,  with  some  investigation  in 
Science,  but  in  all  a  very  small  proportion.  This  was 
natural,  on  account  of  the  great  distance,  and  may  be 
applied  equally  to  the  number  of  exhibitors  from  across 
the  water,  whether  men  or  women. 

American  women  were  found  in  nearly  every  field 
open  to  competition,  though  it  was  the  apparently 
proud  statement  of  the  Director  of  Mines  and  Metal- 


288  REPORT 

lurgy  that  there  were  no  women  on  his  juries,  which 
meant,  of  course,  no  exhibit.1 

The  Congresses  were  open  to  women,  who  appeared 
on  the  same  programmes  with  men,  were  paid  the 
compliment  of  as  large  audiences,  were  listened  to  with 
interest,  and  their  opinions  in  discussion  answered 
with  freedom.  This  occurred  also  in  the  various  As- 
sociations, where  men  and  women  work  side  by  side. 

In  the  work  of  the  Superior  Jury,  where  for  the  first 
time  the  right  of  membership  was  given  to  a  representa- 
tive of  women,  the  application  of  deliberation  and 
judgment  was  made  to  the  work  of  men  and  women 
alike.  Courtesy  and  the  hand  of  fellowship  were  ex- 
tended to  all.  Exhibits  were  not  specially  investigated, 
unless  appeals  from  former  jury  awards  were  sent  in. 
In  such  cases  most  careful  and  detailed  investigation 
was  made  by  the  special  boards,  to  which  were  as- 
signed certain  departments.  There  was  no  distinction 
of  sex  mentioned  in 'the  jury  room;  and  the  time  has 
evidently  arrived  when  no  less  will  be  expected  from 
women  —  no  more  from  men  —  than  the  quality  of 
work  merits. 

1  Mrs.  M.  G.  Scrutchin  was  evidently  appointed  Department  Juror 
after  this  statement  of  the  Director  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy. 


FINAL   REPORT   OF  THE   COMMITTEE    OF 
AWARDS 

Madam  President,  and  Members  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

LADIES,  —  The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of 
Awards,  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  begs  leave  to 
present  the  story  and  the  report  of  that  Committee  to 
your  honorable  Board. 

We  will  not  begin  by  saying  "once  upon  a  time,"  for 
this  is  no  fairy -story,  but  we  will  hark  back  to  that  time 
when  we,  as  a  Board,  were  not,  that  we  may  refer  to  the 
vital  words  of  the  Act  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1901, 
which  Act  provided  for  the  creation  of  a  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  gave  the  excuse  for  its  existence,  and  named 
specifically  one  duty  it  would  be  called  upon  to  per- 
form, to  wit,  "  To  appoint  one  member  of  all  Commit- 
tees authorized  to  award  prizes  for  such  exhibits  as 
shall  have  been  produced  in  whole  or  in  part  by  female 
labor." 

This  phase  of  woman's  work  at  the  World's  Fair 
formed  the  principal  topic  of  talk  at  the  informal  con- 
ference held  in  New  York,  December  5,  1901,  between 
the  National  Commission  and  the  members  of  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  who  had  been  appointed  up  to  that 
time. 

The  Committee  of  Awards  was  one  of  the  last  of  the 
Standing  Committees  to  be  appointed,  but  was  the  first 
Committee  appointed  by  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  after 
her  election  to  the  Presidency  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  in  December,  1903,  and  was  as  follows :  — 


290  REPORT 

Mrs.  Frederick  Hanger,  Chairman,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

Mrs.  Richard  W.  Knott,  Louisville,  Ky. 

Miss  Lavinia  H.  Egan,  Shreveport,  La. 

Mrs.  Fannie  Lowry  Porter,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Mrs.  Helen  Boice-Hunsicker,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

From  the  organization  of  the  Board  its  influence  had 
been  sought  and  besought  by  women  wishing  positions 
connected  with  the  Exposition  work.  The  appointing 
of  the  Committee  of  Awards  acted  like  a  wireless  tele- 
graphy message  throughout  the  country,  and  brought 
applications  from  "would-be"  jurors,  or  recommenda- 
tions from  friends  of  "would-be"  jurors,  until  the  files 
of  the  Board  room  were  filled  to  the  limit,  and  the  col- 
ored postman,  of  the  free  delivery  postal  service,  in  the 
Southern  home  of  the  Chairman,  thought  he  had  relapsed 
into  a  "previous  condition  of  servitude." 

The  rules  regulating  the  system  of  awards,  enacted 
by  the  Exposition  Company,  stated  that  the  nomination 
for  jurors  must  be  in  the  hands  of  the  Director  of  Ex- 
hibits thirty  days  before  the  opening  of  the  Exposition, 
for  the  approval  of  the  Exposition  Company  and  the 
National  Commission. 

The  Division  of  Exhibits  had  issued  a  list  of  all  ex- 
hibits that  could  be  entered  at  the  Exposition,  dividing 
them  into  144  groups. 

As  woman's  work  is  never  done,  and  as  she  has  worked 
her  way  into  almost  every  industrial  avenue,  to  find  out 
the  "woman"  in  the  work  of  exhibits  required  more 
light  than  the  Act  of  Congress  or  the  rules  of  the  Expo- 
sition Company  gave  on  the  subject. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Awards  made  a 
special  journey  to  St.  Louis,  a  month  after  the  Com- 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  291 

mittee  was  appointed,  and  in  company  with  Miss  Egan, 
a  member  of  the  Committee,  waited  upon  the  Director 
of  Exhibits,  and  asked  that  the  World's  Fair  light,  for 
femininity,  might  be  thrown  on  the  144  groups  of  Ex- 
hibits, that  woman's  work,  "in  whole  or  in  part,"  might 
have  a  juror  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers to  judge  of  its  merits. 

The  Director  of  Exhibits,  with  much  genial  gracious- 
ness,  threw  up  his  official  hands  and  said  he  was  helpless, 
that  not  until  the  exhibits  were  placed  could  the  groups 
that  would  admit  of  women  jurors  be  determined;  and 
that  there  would  be  women  jurors  appointed  by  the 
Exposition  Company  as  well  as  by  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers.  He  suggested  that  we  look  carefully  through 
the  144  groups  and  use  our  "judgment"  as  to  which 
groups  would  call  for  women  jurors. 

We  asked  the  advisability  of  conferring  with  the  heads 
of  the  different  Departments,  and  were  told  that  the  in- 
formation must  come  through  the  Director  of  Exhibits. 
We  were  told  to  remember  that  the  list  of  women  jurors 
must  be  limited  to  keep  down  the  expense  of  the  jury 
work. 

From  this  time  until  the  25th  of  July,  the  Board  waited 
for  the  classified  list. 

By  correspondence  among  the  members  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Awards,  by  meeting  of  the  same,  and  by  sug- 
gestions from  the  entire  Board,  a  long  list  of  names  of 
women  eminent  for  intellectual,  artistic,  material,  and 
practical  achievements  was  obtained  from  which  to 
choose  women  jurors.  It  seemed  impossible  for  the 
Committee  to  make  a  report  to  present  to  the  Board  for 
acceptance  until  information  in  regard  to  the  classified 
list  had  been  obtained. 


292  REPORT 

Partial  tentative  reports  were  read  at  the  March  meet- 
ing, to  report  progress  and  secure  suggestions. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  held  April  29,  a  list  of  83 
names  for  women  jurors  and  their  alternates  was  sub- 
mitted by  the  Committee,  and  accepted  by  the  Board. 
A  motion  carried  to  the  effect  that  power  to  act  was  left 
with  the  Committee,  as  the  classified  list  had  not  been 
received  from  the  Exposition  Company,  and  the  Com- 
mittee's use  of  "judgment"  might  be  tempered  with  the 
blue  pencil  of  the  Exposition  Company. 

The  confirmation  of  names  for  jurors  was  made  very 
comprehensive,  as  the  Board  at  that  time  did  not  expect 
to  meet  until  after  the  jurors  had  served. 

The  President  of  the  Board  was  untiring  in  her  efforts 
in  behalf  of  the  jury  work  of  the  Board.  The  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  was  called  to  St.  Louis  twice  on  the 
special  work  of  the  jury  list,  and  the  members  of  the 
Board  and  Committee,  by  consultation  with  members 
of  the  National  Commission,  officials  of  the  Exposition 
Company,  and  heads  of  Departments,  held  out  for  what 
they  considered  the  full  rights  of  the  nominating  power 
of  the  Board,  with  the  hope  of  bringing  American 
womanhood  in  touch,  as  near  as  possible,  with  the  work 
of  the  Exposition. 

The  following  communications  indicate  the  progress 
made :  — 

9r.  Louis,  July  22,  1904. 
Hon.  David  R.  Francis, 

President  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition, 

Exposition  Grounds,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
DEAR  SIB,  —  In  regard  to  the  appointment  of  wo- 
men jurors,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  begs  leave  to 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  293 

state  that  names  of  women  jurors  for  eighty-three  groups 
have  been  approved  by  the  Board.  We  have  been  in- 
formed that  the  classified  list  of  groups  is  in  your  hands, 
and  we  would  be  glad  to  receive  it  at  the  earliest  pos- 
sible date. 

Very  respectfully, 

(Signed)  M.  MARGARETTA  MANNING, 

President. 

ST.  Louis,  July  25, 1904. 

MADAM  PRESIDENT,  —  The  Exposition  Company, 
through  the  Executive  Committee,  has  approved  the 
accompanying  report  of  the  Director  of  Exhibits,  and 
hereby  certifies  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  the  num- 
ber of  groups  in  which  the  exhibits  have  been  produced 
in  whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor. 

This  is  in  response  to  your  letter  addressed  to  the 
President  under  date  of  July  22,  and  this  day  submitted 
to  the  Executive  Committee. 

The  groups  so  certified  are  as  follows: 

EDUCATION 

Group      1.    Elementary  Education. 

2.  Secondary  Education. 

3.  Higher  Education. 

4.  Special  Education  in  Fine  Arts. 
7.    Education  of  Defectives. 

FINE  ARTS 

Group      9.    Paintings  and  Drawings. 

11.  Sculpture. 

12.  Architecture. 

14.    Original  Objects  in  Art  Workmanship. 

LIBERAL  ARTS 

Group    16.    Photography. 

17.  Books  and  Publications  —  Bookbinding. 

18.  Maps  and  Apparatus  for  Geography,  Cosmography,  Topo- 

graphy. 


294  REPORT 

MANUFACTURES 

Group    37.    Decoration  and  Fixed  Furniture  of  Buildings  and  Dwellings. 
45.    Ceramics. 

52.  Equipment  and  Processes  used  in  Bleaching,  Dyeing,  Print- 

ing, and  Finishing  Textiles  in  their  various  stages. 

53.  Equipment  and  Processes  used  in  Sewing  and  Making  Wear- 

ing Apparel. 

58.  Laces,  Embroidery,  and  Trimmings. 

59.  Industries  Producing  Wearing  Apparel  for  Men,  Women, 

and  Children. 
61.   Various  Industries  connected  with  Clothing. 

MACHINERY 

None. 

ELECTRICITY 

None. 

TRANSPORTATION 

None. 

AGRICULTURE 

Group    78.  Farm  Equipment  —  Methods  of  Improving  Land. 

84.  Vegetable  Food  Products  —  Agricultural  Seeds. 

88.  Bread  and  Pastry. 

89.  Preserved  Meat,  Fish,  Vegetables,  and  Fruit. 

90.  Sugar  and  Confectionery  —  Condiments  and  Relishes. 
92.  Wines  and  Brandies. 

LIVE  STOCK 

None. 

HORTICULTURE 
Group  107.   Pomology. 

FORESTRY 
None. 

MINES  AND  METALLURGY 

None. 

FISH  AND  GAME 

None. 

ANTHROPOLOGY 

None. 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  295 

SOCIAL  ECONOMY 

Group  129.  Study  and  Investigation  of  Social  and  Economic  Conditions. 

133.  Methods  of  Industrial  Remuneration. 

136.  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes. 

137.  The  Liquor  Question. 
139.  Charities  and  Corrections. 
141.  Municipal  Improvement. 

PHYSICAL  CULTURE 

None. 

Very  respectfully, 
(Signed)  DAVID  R.  FRANCIS,  President. 

To  MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING, 

President  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

ST.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  30,  1904. 
Hon.  David  R.  Francis, 

President  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition, 

Administration,  Building. 

DEAR  SIR,  —  The  accompanying  list  of  eighty-three 
women  jurors,  to  serve  on  the  Committee  of  Awards, 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  has  been  made 
by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  and  is  hereby  sub- 
mitted for  approval  to  the  Exposition  Company  and  to 
the  National  Commission. 

This  list  has  been  made  according  to  the  authoriza- 
tion granted  to  the  Board  in  Section  6  of  the  Acts  of 
Congress,  approved  March  3,  1901,  to  wit:  "To  nomi- 
nate one  member  of  all  committees  authorized  to  award 
prizes  for  such  exhibits  as  shall  have  been  produced,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  by  female  labor." 

Very  respectfully, 

(Signed)  M.  MARGARETTA  MANNING,  President. 

(Signed)  FRANCES  MARION  HANGER, 

Chairman  Committee  of  Awards. 


296  REPORT 

August  4,  1904. 

MY  DEAR  MADAM  PRESIDENT,  —  Responding  to 
your  communication  of  July  30,  transmitting  a  list  of 
women  jurors,  and  alternate  jurors,  that  you  recom- 
mend for  appointment,  and  which  you  submit  for  ap- 
proval by  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company 
and  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Commission, 
I  beg  to  state  that  under  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company,  approved  by 
the  National  Commission,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
may  appoint  32  women  jurors  and  women  alternate 
jurors. 

As  the  number  of  names  submitted  by  you  greatly 
exceeds  the  number  you  are  permitted  to  nominate, 
under  the  rules  and  regulations  above  referred  to,  the 
list  is  herewith  returned  for  revision. 

If  the  names  you  have  submitted  for  appointment 
upon  the  groups  for  which  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers 
are  entitled  to  make  nominations,  are  the  ones  you  de- 
sire in  these  particular  groups,  they  will  be  entertained 
for  confirmation,  but  it  may  be  you  will  desire  to  read- 
just your  list. 

Very  respectfully, 

D.  R.  FRANCIS,  President. 
To  MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING, 

President  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

August  9,  1904. 

To  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company, 

Hon.  David  R.  Francis,  President. 
DEAR  SIR,  —  In   response  to  your  letter  received 
August  8,  in  re  list  of  nominations  for  the  women  jurors 
made  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  I  beg  leave  to 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  297 

state  that  said  list  was  made  under  what  the  Board  be- 
lieved to  be  the  interpretation  of  Section  6  of  the  Act 
of  Congress  approved  March  3,  1901,  which  would  seem 
to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  "one  member  of  all 
committees  authorized  to  award  prizes  for  such  ex- 
hibits as  may  have  been  produced,  in  whole  or  in  part, 
by  female  labor." 

We  regret  exceedingly  that  "in  the  discretion  of  said 
commission  and  corporation"  referred  to  in  said  Act, 
the  list  of  groups  has  been  reduced  from  eighty-three  to 
thirty-two. 

We  respectfully  ask,  however,  that  a  favorable  con- 
sideration may  be  given  to  four  additional  groups,  viz: 
125,  Literature;  126,  Somatology;  127,  Ethnology;  and 
128,  Ethnography.  These  Groups  have  been  specially 
designated  by  the  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Anthro- 
pology, the  names  of  nominees  submitted  are  those  ap- 
proved by  him,  and  it  is  most  desirable  that  this  request 
be  granted. 

We  herewith  hand  you  revised  list,  readjusted  as  per 

your  instructions. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

FRANCES  MARION  HANGER, 
Chairman  of  Committee  of  Awards. 

EDUCATION  (Department  A) 
Group  1.   Elementary  Education 
PRINCIPALS  ALTERNATES 

Miss  Anna  Tolman  Smith,  Miss  Clara  Hellwig, 

Washington,  D.  C.  Plainfield,  N.  J. 

Group  2.    Secondary  Education 

Miss  Anna  G.  MacDougal,  Miss  Mary  Boyce  Temple, 

Chicago,  HI.  Knoxville,  Tenn. 


298  REPORT 

Group  3.  Higher  Education 

PRINCIPALS  ALTERNATES 

Miss  Caroline  Hazzard,  Mrs.  Charles  Perkins, 

Wellesley,  Mass.  Knoxville,  Term. 

Group  4.    Fine  Art 

Mrs.  E.  A.  Thayer,  Mrs.  Charles  Cary, 

Denver,  Colo.  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Group  7.    State  Institutions 

Mrs.  Sarah  Platt  Decker,  Mrs.  George  Noyes, 

Denver,  Colo.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Group  9.   Painting  and  Drawing 

Mrs.  J.  Montgomery  Sears,  Miss  Mary  Solari, 

Boston,  Mass.  Memphis,  Tenn. 

ART   (Department  B) 

Group  11.    Sculpture 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  St.  John  Matthews,          Miss  Enid  Yandell, 
New  York,  N.  Y.  Louisville,  Ky. 

Group  12.    Architecture 

Miss  Rose  Weld,  Miss  Susan  N.  Ketcham, 

Newport  News,  Va.  Carnegie  Hall,  N.  Y. 

Group  14.    Art  Workmanship 

Mrs.  Eugene  Field,  Miss  Alice  Barber  Stevens, 

Buena  Part,  Dl.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

LIBERAL  ARTS  (Department  C) 

Group  16.    Photography 
Miss  Frances  B.  Johnston,  Mrs.  Charles  Ladd, 

i,  D.  C.  Portland,  Oregon. 


Group  17.    Publishing  and  Bookbinding 
Mrs.  Horace  S.  Smith,  Miss  Bulkley, 

Chicago,  m.  Hillside,  Mo. 

Group  18.    Haps,  Apparatus  for  Geography 
Mrs.  Fannie  Hicks  Woolwine,  Mrs.  M.  G.  Scrutchin, 

Nashville,  Tenn.  Atlanta,  Ga. 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  299 

MANUFACTURES  (Department  D) 
Group  87.    Furniture  and  Household  Decoration 
PRINCIPALS  ALTERNATES 

Mrs.  Candace  Wheeler,  Mrs.  R.  A.  Edgerton, 

New  York,  N.  Y.  Berwyn,  111. 

Group  45.    Ceramics 

Mrs.  Isaac  Boyd,  Miss  Henrietta  Ord  Jones, 

Atlanta,  Ga.  New  York  City. 

Group  52.    Bleaching  and  Dyeing,  etc. 
Miss  Madolin  Wynn,  Mrs.  W.  S.  Major, 

Deerfield,  Mass.  Shelbyvffle,  Ind. 

Group  53.   Equipment  and  Processes  used  in  making  Clothes 
Mrs.  Elisha  Dyer,  Sr.,  Mrs.  Frederick  Nathan, 

Providence,  R.  I.  New  York  City. 

Group  58.    Lace  Trimming  and  Embroidery 
Mrs.  E.  D.  Wood,  Mrs.  Noble  Prentiss, 

Indianapolis,  Ind.  Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Group  59.    Industries  Producing  Wearing  Apparel 
Miss  Margaret  Summers,  Miss  Mary  Montgomery, 

Louisville,  Ky.  Portland,  Oregon. 

Group  61.    Industries  connected  with  Clothing 
Mrs.  F.  K.  Bowes,  Miss  Runley, 

Chicago,  m.  W.  Clinton,  N.  Y. 

AGRICULTURE  (Department  H) 
Group  78.     Agriculture— Methods  of  improving  Lands 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Felton,  Miss  Myra  Dock, 

Cartersville,  Ga.  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Group  84.    Vegetable  Products 

Mrs.  Christine  Terhune  Herrick,          Mrs.  E.  W.  Williams, 
Haworth,  N.  J.  Winona,  Minn. 

Group  88.   Bread  and  Pastry 

Mrs.  F.  H.  Pugh,  Mrs.  John  B.  Henderson, 

Bellevue,  Neb.  Washington,  D.  C. 


I 


300  REPORT 

Group  89.   Preserved  Meats,  Fish,  Vegetables,  and  Fruit 
PRINCIPALS  ALTERNATES 

Mrs.  E.  L.  Lamb,  Mrs.  Minnie  H.  Lawton, 

Jackson,  Miss.  Omaha,  Neb. 

Group  90.    Sugar  and  Confectionery,  Condiments  and  Relishes 
Miss  Carolyn  Hempstead,  Mrs.  R.  P.  Bland, 

Little  Rock,  Ark.  Lebanon,  Mo. 

Group  92.    Wines  and  Brandies 

Miss  Cruse,  Mrs.  W.  C.  Ralston, 

Helena,  Montana.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

HORTICULTURE  (Department  J) 

Group  107.   Pomology 

Mrs.  M.  B.  R.  Day,  Mrs.  Robert  Fulton, 

Frankfort,  Ky.  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

ANTHROPOLOGY  (Department  N) 

Group  125.    Literature 

Miss  Grace  King,  Miss  Annie  Scoville, 

New  Orleans,  La.  Stamford,  Conn. 

Group  126.    Somatology 

Miss  Alice  Fletcher,  Mrs.  Nelson  H.  Doubleday, 

Washington,  D.  C.  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Group   127.   Ethnology 

Mrs.  Alice  P.  Henderson,  Miss  Matilda  Coxe  Stevenson, 

Tacoma,  Washington.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Group   128.    Ethnography 
Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall,  Miss  Cora  Peters, 

Cambridge,  Mass.  Washington,  D.  C., 

SOCIAL  ECONOMY  (Department  O) 

Group  129.    Study  and  Investigation  of  Social  and  Economic  Conditions 
Miss  Caroline  Greisheimer,  Mrs.  J.  M.  Glenn, 

Washington,  D.  C.  Baltimore,  Md. 

Group  135.    Provident  Institutions 

Mrs.  Eliza  Eads  How,  Miss  Margaret  Wade, 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Group  136.    Housing  of  the  Working  Classes 
Miss  Jane  Addams,  Mrs.  H.  G.  R.  Wright, 

Chicago,  HI.  Denver,  Colo. 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  301 

Group  137.    The  Liquor  Question 
PRINCIPALS  ALTERNATES 

Countess  of  Aberdeen.  Mrs.  Ralph  Trautman, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Group  139.    Chanties  and  Correction 

Miss  Mary  E.  Perry,  Miss  Josephine  Woodward, 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Group  141.    Municipal  Improvement 
Mrs.  E.  P.  Turner,  Mrs.  Conde  Hamlin, 

Dallas,  Texas.  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

The  foregoing  list  was  confirmed  by  the  Exposition 
Company  and  the  National  Commission  (August  21). 

The  Group  Jurors  were  notified  at  the  earliest  pos- 
sible moment,  of  their  appointment. 

The  time  that  most  of  the  jurors  began  to  serve  was 
September  1st. 

The  list  of  jurors  who  served  under  appointment  from 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  as  follows:  — 

LIST  OF  GROUP  JURORS 

EDUCATION 

Group      1.  Miss  Anna  Tolman  Smith,  Washington,  D.  C. 

2.  Miss  Anna  G.  MacDougal,  Chicago,  m. 

3.  Miss  Mary  Boyce  Temple,  Knoxvffle,  Tenn. 

4.  Mrs.  E.  A.  Thayer,  Denver,  Colo. 

7.  Miss  Hope  Loughborough,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

ART 

Group      9.  Miss  Mary  Solari,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

11.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  St.  John  Matthews,  New  York. 

12.  Miss  Rose  Weld,  Newport  News,  Va. 
14.  Mrs.  Eugene  Field,                         Buena  Park,  HI. 

LIBERAL  ARTS 
Group    16.  Miss  Frances  Benjamin  Johnston,  Washington,  D.  C. 

17.  Mrs.  Horace  S.  Smith,  Chicago,  HI. 

18.  Mrs.  W.  M.  Woolwine,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


302 


REPORT 


MANUFACTUBES 

Group    37.  Mrs.  R.  A.  Edgerton, 

45.  Mrs.  Isaac  Boyd, 

,_    (  Mrs.  F.  K.  Bowes, 
Groups  53&61.JMT,  A.  G.Harrow, 

{Mrs.  E.  D.  Wood, 
Miss  Margaret  Summers, 
Mrs.  W.  S.  Major, 


Group    78. 


90. 


Group  107. 


Group  125. 
126. 
127. 
128. 


Group  129. 
135. 
136. 
139. 

141. 


AGRICULTURE 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Felton, 
Mrs.  F.  H.  Pugh, 
Mrs.  E.  L.  Lamb, 
Miss  Carolyn  Hempstead, 


Mrs. 


HORTICULTURE 
[.  B.  R.  Day, 


ANTHROPOLOGY 

Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher, 
Mrs.  Alice  Palmer  Henderson, 
Miss  Cora  Peters, 
Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall, 

SOCIAL  ECONOMY 

Miss  Caroline  Greisheimer, 

Miss  Margaret  Wade, 

Miss  Jane  Addams, 

Miss  Mary  Perry, 
J  Mrs.  E.  P.  Turner, 
(  Mrs.  Conde  Hamlin, 


Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 
Chicago,  HI. 
Ottumwa,  la. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Louisville,  Ky. 
Shelbyville,  Ind. 


Cartersville,  Ga. 
Bellevue,  Neb. 
Jackson,  Miss. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 


Frankfort,  Ky. 


Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Cambridge,  Mass. 


Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Chicago,  HI. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Dallas,  Texas. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 


The  appointment  of  the  Departmental  Jurors  had 
been  provided  for  in  the  extensive  jury  list  approved 
April  29.  But  at  the  request  of  three  of  the  members 
of  the  National  Commission,  the  list  of  Departmental 
Jurors  was  further  confirmed  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board 
called  for  that  purpose  on  September  20,  and  these 
jurors  began  their  work  almost  immediately. 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  303 

The  following  list  of  Department  Jurors  was  sent  to 
the  Exposition  Company,  and  the  National  Commis- 
sion :  — 

LIST  OF  DEPARTMENT   JURORS 
DEPARTMENT  A,  EDUCATION 

PRINCIPALS  ALTERNATES 

Mrs.  W.  E.  Fischel,  Miss  Anna  Tolman  Smith 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  Washington,  D.  C. 

DEPARTMENT  B,  ART 

Mrs.  Montgomery  Sears,  Miss  Cecelia  Beaux, 

Boston,  Mass.  New  York  City. 

DEPARTMENT  C,  LIBERAL  ARTS 

Miss  Olive  Seward,  Mrs.  H.  A.  Langford, 

Washington,  D.  C.  Chicago,  El. 

DEPARTMENT  D,  MANUFACTURES 
Miss  Thekla  M.  Bernays,  Mrs.  W.  H.  Clapp, 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  New  York  City. 

DEPARTMENT  E,  MACHINERY 

Miss  Kate  Gleason,  Miss  Edith  J.  Griswold, 

Rochester,  N.  Y.  New  York  City. 

DEPARTMENT  F,  ELECTRICITY 

Miss  Hope  Loughborough,  Miss  Madolin  Wynn, 

Cleveland,  Ohio.  Deerfield,  Mass. 

DEPARTMENT  G,  TRANSPORTATION  EXHIBITS 
Miss  Rose  Weld,  Mrs.  Robert  Fulton, 

Newport  News,  Va.  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

DEPARTMENT  H,  AGRICULTURE 

Mrs.  Martha  Shute,  Mrs.  Edward  Gilchrist  Low, 

Denver,  Colo.  Groton,  Mass. 


304  REPORT 

DEPARTMENT  J,  HORTICULTURE 

Mrs.  Ida  L.  Turner,  Mrs.  M.  B.  R.  Day, 

Fort  Worth,  Texas.  Frankfort,  Ky. 

DEPARTMENT  K,  FORESTRY 

Miss  Myra  Dock,  Mrs.  J.  M.  Glenn, 

Harrisburg,  Pa.  Baltimore,  Md. 

DEPARTMENT  L,  MINES  AND  METALLURGY 
Mrs.  M.  G.  Scrutchin,  Mrs.  E.  L.  Lamb, 

Atlanta,  Ga.  Jackson,  Miss. 

DEPARTMENT  M,  FISH  AND  GAME 
Mrs.  Mary  Stuart  Armstrong,  Mrs.  C.  E.  Hatch, 

Chicago,  HI.  Kentland,  Ind. 

DEPARTMENT  N,  ANTHROPOLOGY 

Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall,  Mrs.  Emily  Cook, 

Cambridge,  Mass.  Washington,  D.  C. 

DEPARTMENT  O,  SOCIAL  ECONOMY 

Miss  Jane  Addams,  Mrs.  Lilian  Cantrell  Bay, 

Chicago,  Dl.  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

DEPARTMENT  P,  PHYSICAL  CULTURE 
Miss  Clara  S.  Hellwig,  Miss  Margaret  Wade, 

Plainfield,  N.  J.  Washington,  D.  C. 

It  was  found,  upon  communicating  with  the  above- 
named,  that  very  many  could  not  serve,  and  no  provi- 
sion having  been  made  for  alternates,  many  changes 
became  necessary.  The  following  list  was  subsequently 
transmitted  to  the  Exposition  Company  and  National 
Commission,  two  even  of  these,  however,  failing  to 
serve : — 

Department  A,  Education,  Mrs.  W.  E.  Fischel, 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  305 

Department  B,  Art,  Miss  Mary  Bullock,  Hillside,  Mo. 

Department  C,  Liberal  Arts,  Mrs.  H.  A.  Langford, 
Chicago,  111. 

Department  D,  Manufactures,  Miss  Thekla  M.  Ber- 
nays,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Department  E,  Machinery,  Miss  Edith  J.  Griswold, 
New  York  City. 

Department  F,  Electricity,  Miss  Hope  Loughborough, 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Department  G,  Transportation  Exhibits,  Miss  Rose 
Weld,  Newport  News,  Va. 

Department  H,  Agriculture,  Mrs.  Richard  P.  Bland, 
Lebanon,  Mo. 

Department  J,  Horticulture,  Mrs.  Ida  L.  Turner, 
Fort  Worth,  Texas. 

Department  K,  Forestry,  Mrs.  J.  M.  Glenn,  Balti- 
more, Md. 

Department  L,  Mines  and  Metallurgy,  Mrs.  M.  G. 
Scrutchin,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Department  M,  Fish  and  Game,  Mrs.  Mary  Stuart 
Armstrong,  Chicago,  111. 

Department  N,  Anthropology,  Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall, 
Cambridge,  Mass. 

Department  O,  Social  Economy,  Miss  Jane  Addams, 
Chicago,  111. 

The  Committee  of  Awards  regrets  that  the  discre- 
tionary power  of  the  Exposition  Company  restricted 
the  appointive  power  of  the  Board,  and  that  the  late 
hour  of  the  appointments  prevented  a  number  of  the 
jurors  from  accepting. 


306  REPORT 

It  was  a  great  pleasure  to  the  members  of  the  Board 
and  the  Committee  to  meet  and  to  entertain  the  clever 
and  attractive  women  jurors,  who  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  their  work,  and  who  in  every  possible  way 
showed  their  appreciation  of  the  honor  conferred  upon 
them  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

FRANCES  MARION  HANGER,  Chairman. 

JENNIE  GILLMORE  KNOTT. 

LAVINIA  H.  EGAN. 

FANNIE  LOWRY  PORTER. 

HELEN  BOICE-HUNSICKER. 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES,  AND 
CLOSING  OF  THE  EXPOSITION 

The  tenth  meeting  of  the  Board  was  called  on  Novem- 
ber 9, 1904.  The  Rotating  Committee  and  many  mem- 
bers of  the  Board  remained  on  duty  from  this  time 
until  the  closing  day  of  the  Exposition.  Many  matters 
in  connection  with  the  closing  of  the  work  of  the  Board 
in  St.  Louis  were  disposed  of,  and  the  following  reso- 
lution concerning  the  preparation  of  its  final  report  was 
adopted :  — 

RESOLVED,  That  the  President  of  this  Board  be  re- 
quested to  make  a  final  report  of  the  work  of  this  Board. 

The  following  is  the  final  report  of  the  House  Com- 
mittee for  the  Exposition  period :  — 

To  the  President  and  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

LADIES, — Your  House  Committee  begs  to  submit  the 
following:  — 

On  the  30th  day  of  April,  1904,  at  the  opening  of  the 
greatest  Exposition  the  world  has  ever  known,  and 
commemorating  one  of  the  most  important  events  in 
the  history  of  our  country,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
created  by  act  of  Congress  and  appointed  by  the  Na- 
tional Commission,  designed  by  the  wisdom  and  fore- 
thought of  one  of  our  most  dearly  beloved  Chief  Execu- 
tives, to  represent  the  women  of  America  in  setting 
forth  to  the  world  woman's  part  not  only  in  the  making 


308  REPORT 

of  the  Exposition,  but  in  the  real  expansion  and  develop- 
ment of  our  great  Nation,  found  itself,  by  a  combina- 
tion of  circumstances,  fortuitous  or  otherwise,  resolved 
into  a  committee  on  entertainment  with  a  commodious 
and  elegantly  appointed  home  to  call  its  own,  and  the 
appropriation  of  $100,000  to  spend  on  furnishing,  enter- 
taining, and  necessary  expenses  of  the  Board.  It  is, 
therefore,  the  pleasure  of  this,  your  House  Committee, 
to  report  for  the  entire  Exposition  period  beginning 
April  30,  1904,  and  ending  December  1,  1904,  that 
the  House  was  in  order  each  day  from  10  o'clock  A.  M. 
to  6  o'clock  P.  M.  for  the  reception  of  the  public  and  for 
a  series  of  entertainments,  which,  by  reason  of  the 
number  of  distinguished  men  and  women  thus  brought 
together,  were  international  in  character,  and  of  a  nature 
and  brilliancy  in  the  highest  degree  pleasing  to  the 
Board  itself.  The  informal  afternoon  teas  made  a  most 
attractive  and  interesting  feature  of  the  Board's  hospi- 
tality during  the  Exposition.  For  every  month,  save 
August,  a  number  of  formal  affairs  were  given,  includ- 
ing luncheons,  receptions,  and  dinners. 

It  was  particularly  fitting  that  the  initial  entertain- 
ment by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  in  its  Exposition 
home  should  have  been  given  in  honor  of  the  National 
Commission,  the  Government's  representative  in  the 
great  World's  Fair.  To  this  dinner,  given  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  30th  of  April,  under  the  trying  circumstances 
attendant  upon  a  day  strenuous  with  opening  exercises 
and  the  disadvantages  of  the  rapid  adjustment  of  house- 
hold arrangements,  one  hundred  guests  were  bidden. 
President  Carter  of  the  National  Commission  was  toast- 


COMMITTEE  ON  AWARDS  309 

master  on  this  occasion,  and  toasts  were  given  by 
President  David  R.  Francis,  Senator  Daniels,  Congress- 
man Tawney,  and  Hon.  M.  H.  de  Young. 

A  reception  in  honor  of  Mrs.  David  R.  Francis  fol- 
lowed on  May  9,  to  which  500  guests  were  invited. 

On  May  17,  a  brilliant  company  of  500  was  enter- 
tained at  an  afternoon  reception  in  honor  of  the  re- 
presentatives of  the  Army  and  Navy,  in  and  near  St. 
Louis.  Ladies  of  the  Army  and  Navy  assisted  in  receiv- 
ing, and  many  distinguished  persons  were  present. 

On  May  19,  immediately  following  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Day  exercises  of  the  General  Federation  of 
Women's  Clubs,  a  luncheon  was  given  by  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers,  in  honor  of  the  delegates  to  the 
General  Federation. 

Miss  Alice  Roosevelt  was  the  honoree  of  a  luncheon 
given  on  May  31,  to  which  200  guests  were  bidden. 
The  affair  was  most  charming  and  successful. 

Having  thus  during  the  opening  month  announced 
itself,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  continued  during 
the  Exposition  to  contribute  its  quota  to  the  social  life 
of  the  great  Fair. 

The  distinguished  foreigners  whom  it  was  the  privi- 
lege of  the  Board  especially  to  honor,  were  the  repre- 
sentatives of  foreign  Governments,  with  a  reception  on 
June  17  ;  Prince  Pu  Lun,  to  whom  a  dinner  was  given 
on  July  10 ;  and  Prince  Fushimi,  for  whom  a  reception 
was  held  on  November  22.  Receptions  to  the  Inter- 
parliamentary Union  on  September  12,  and  to  the  Con- 
gress of  Arts  and  Sciences  on  September  20,  were  also 
international  in  character,  many  distinguished  foreigners 
being  present. 


310  REPORT 

Among  the  special  functions  given,  none  was  more 
successful  or  more  brilliant  than  the  dinner  in  honor 
of  President  David  R.  Francis,  on  November  12,  to 
which  170  guests  were  invited. 

The  Building  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  with 
the  changes  made  by  the  Board,  was  both  in  its  ap- 
pointments and  location  admirably  adapted  for  the 
purpose  for  which  it  was  set  aside,  and  in  itself  was  a 
tribute  to  the  necessity  and  advantage  of  cooperation 
on  the  part  of  the  Board. 

The  whole  lower  floor  of  the  building  was  beautifully 
fitted  up  for  the  reception  and  entertainment  of  guests, 
and  the  upper  floor  was  reserved  for  the  private  use  of 
the  Board,  being  divided  into  Board  room,  Office,  Re- 
ception room,  apartments  for  the  President  of  the 
Board,  and  accommodations  for  all  members  of  the 
Board  who  wished  to  avail  themselves  of  the  hospitality 
of  the  home  while  in  the  city. 

The  House  was  conducted  as  any  well  organized 
household  under  the  direction  of  the  Rotating  Com- 
mittee composed  of  the  resident  members  in  St.  Louis, 
and  the  members  rotating  each  month.  They  were  ably 
assisted  by  a  very  capable  hostess.  The  House  Com- 
mittee is  greatly  indebted  to  Miss  Julia  Ten  Eyck 
McBlair,  for  the  gracious  manner  in  which  she  served 
the  Board  as  hostess  during  the  period  of  the  Exposition. 

Without  wishing  to  discriminate  in  the  least,  thanks 
are  especially  due  to  WeiFs  Band,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
for  its  never-failing  courtesy  in  supplying  music  for  the 
entertainments  of  the  Board  whenever  it  was  possible 
for  its  engagements  to  permit,  and  to  the  leader,  Mr. 
William  Weil,  for  his  personal  interest. 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES   311 

To  the  Commissioner  from  Ceylon,  Mr.  Stanley 
Bois,  the  Board  would  especially  express  its  thanks 
for  the  tea  from  his  Commission,  which  was  used  and 
enjoyed  by  the  members  of  the  Board  and  their  guests, 
and  also  to  the  representatives  of  the  Japanese  Com- 
mission who  presented  the  chests  of  tea  from  which, 
together  with  that  sent  by  the  Commissioner  from 
Ceylon,  all  afternoon  teas  and  receptions  and  luncheons 
of  the  Board  were  supplied,  to  the  great  pleasure  and 
enjoyment  of  their  tea-drinking  friends. 

To  the  Department  of  Horticulture  for  their  gifts  of 
choice  fruit,  and  to  the  California  Commission  for 
beautiful  basket  of  fruit  on  "California  Day." 

To  the  Agent,  who  through  Messrs.  Nicholson  & 
Co.,  of  St.  Louis,  presented  two  cases  of  champagne; 
and  to  the  Colorado  Commission  for  baskets  of  fruit. 

The  House  Committee  particularly  appreciated  the 
courtesy  extended  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  by 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Kingsbury  and  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Fountain,  and  officers  of  the  Jefferson  Guards,  for 
constantly  providing  a  guard  for  their  building. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

SALENA  V.  ERNEST,  Chairman. 

It  was  the  earnest  wish  of  some  of  the  members  of 
the  Board,  at  a  very  early  period  of  its  existence,  to 
establish  and  maintain,  if  possible,  a  Day  Nursery  or 
Creche  on  the  Exposition  Grounds,  in  order  that  suit- 
able provision  might  be  made  for  children  whose  par- 
ents might  wish  to  have  them  cared  for  during  the  day, 
and  thus  afford  to  those  whose  time  and  means  were 
extremely  limited  an  opportunity  to  see  as  much  of  the 


312  REPORT 

Exposition  in  as  brief  a  space  as  possible.  Ways  and 
means  were  frequently  discussed,  but  the  absence  of 
fuilds  and  the  uncertainty  in  regard  to  substantial  aid 
were  sources  of  much  anxiety  and  delay.  Estimates  were 
obtained  of  cost  of  building,  however,  plans  were  drawn 
ready  for  work  to  be  begun  the  first  practicable  moment, 
and  all  information  as  to  best  methods  and  equipment 
was  secured,  in  order  that  no  time  might  be  lost  should 
it  later  be  found  possible  to  proceed  with  the  enter- 
prise. The  idea  was  viewed  with  much  favor  by  both 
the  President  of  the  Exposition  Company  and  the 
Director  of  Exhibits,  and  it  was  hoped  the  Exposition 
Company  would  regard  this  as  one  of  the  "suggestions" 
from  the  Board  which  President  Francis  had  said  the 
Executive  Committee  would  "take  under  serious  con- 
sideration," but  on  the  15th  of  August,  1903,  President 
Francis  wrote  to  the  President,  Mrs.  Blair :  — 

My  idea  is  that  we  should  not  permit  any  one  State 
to  have  charge  of  these  Day  Nurseries.  I  think  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  should  have  entire  charge,  and 
hope  they  will  be  able  to  raise  the  money  without  mak- 
ing inroads  on  the  treasury  of  the  Exposition  Company. 

Subsequently,  however,  the  Exposition  Company 
agreed  to  appropriate  $35,000  for  the  purpose  of  erect- 
ing the  building,  but  later  granted  a  concession  for  a 
similar  enterprise  on  the  grounds.  When  the  Board 
eventually  obtained  its  appropriation  of  $100,000,  it  was 
thought  that  the  work  might  be  begun  immediately; 
but  as  some  misunderstanding  had  arisen  in  the  minds 
of  the  members  as  to  the  terms  of  the  original  proposi- 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES    313 

tion,  upon  further  investigation  it  was  found  that, 
whereas  in  the  first  place  it  had  been  represented  that 
the  Creche  would  be  self-sustaining,  it  now  became 
evident  that  the  plan  had  grown  beyond  all  anticipated 
or  intended  proportions,  and  that  instead  of  being  self- 
supporting  the  Board  might  be  called  upon  for  un- 
limited and  unexpected  outlay. 

As  all  the  members  had  become  greatly  interested 
in  the  project,  they  felt  keenly  disappointed  when  it 
became  evident  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  abandon 
the  undertaking.  Desiring,  however,  to  take  some  part 
in  this  useful  work,  and  being  informed  that  the  con- 
cession that  had  been  granted  for  a  feimilar  purpose 
was  in  need  of  funds  to  enable  it  to  employ  additional 
nurses  and  make  it  possible  to  care  for  more  children, 
on  July  14,  1904,  at  their  mid-summer  meeting,  the 
following  resolution,  presented  by  Mrs.  Hanger,  was 
adopted  by  the  Board :  — 

BE  IT  RESOLVED,  —  That  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers set  apart,  and  turn  over,  to  the  persons  in  charge 
of  the  Model  Play-Ground,  Nursery,  and  Lost  Children 
work,  the  sum  of  Five  Thousand  Dollars  ($5000)  to 
assist  in  carrying  on  these  projects  on  the  Exposition 
Grounds. 

Mrs.  John  M.  Holcombe  was  made  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  having  this  appropriation  in  charge,  and 
her  final  Report  is  as  follows :  — 


314  REPORT 

To  the  President  and  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

LADIES,  —  The  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  were  from  the  beginning  of  their  organization 
deeply  interested  in  the  need  of  caring  for  little  children 
at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  and  various 
plans  were  under  consideration  at  an  early  date. 

To  have  a  model  creche  was  the  desire  of  the  Presi- 
dent and  members  of  the  Board,  and  it  was  with  great 
satisfaction  that  arrangements  were  made  for  a  very 
perfect  equipment. 

A  practical  philanthropy  in  full  working  order  would 
prove  also  an  exhibit  of  the  most  approved  and  up-to- 
date  methods,  —  at  once  a  charity,  an  example,  an  in- 
spiration. 

The  Exposition  Company  made  a  generous  appro- 
priation, the  sum  of  $35,000  being  allowed  for  the 
building  and  furnishing,  and  very  beautiful  designs 
were  made  and  considered.  Infants  were  to  be  cared 
for  by  trained  nurses,  receiving  attention  and  considera- 
tion possible  only  to  babies  of  the  twentieth  century, 
and  altogether  in  advance  of  the  simple  and  natural 
conditions  of  baby  life  prior  to  the  closing  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  Special  foods,  specially  treated, 
specially  constructed  bottles — in  fact,  everything  special, 
and  disinfected  from  the  nurse  and  crib  down  to  the 
smallest  minutiae. 

The  charge  was  to  be  50  cents  a  day,  and  estimates 
formed  on  experience  went  to  show  that  on  this  basis 
the  creche  would  be  self-sustaining  when  once  estab- 
lished and  started  in  running  order. 

Shortly  before  the  opening  of  the  Fair,  however, 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES    315 

and  at  a  moment  when  the  Exposition  Company  was 
passing  through  most  trying  experiences  and  needed 
all  possible  funds,  it  was  found  that  unfavorable  aspects 
had  arisen.  At  the  March  meeting  of  the  Board,  1904, 
and  only  a  few  weeks  prior  to  the  opening  of  the  Expo- 
sition, it  was  learned  that  two  concessions  of  a  nature 
similar  to  the  creche  had  been  made,  where  the  charge 
for  children  would  be  but  25  cents  a  day.  Already  the 
Board  had  heard  some  buzz  of  criticism  that  50  cents 
was  too  high  a  price  for  benefit  to  poor  people.  Thus 
there  seemed  to  be  established  a  rate  of  income,  which 
for  the  requirements  of  the  creche  conducted  under 
great  expense  would  be  entirely  inadequate.  There 
were  apparently  no  sponsors  for  the  undertaking  but 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers;  and  a  steady  loss  of  25 
cents  on  each  child,  for  a  period  of  seven  months,  would 
pile  on  the  losses  to  unknown  and  quite  incalculable 
proportions. 

It  is  true  the  Board  had  received  a  sum  of  $100,000. 
This  was  to  cover  all  expenses  of  the  Board,  whose 
members  were  the  official  hostesses  of  the  Fair.  Every- 
thing was  to  be  conducted  at  this  great  Exposition  in  the 
most  munificent  manner  possible.  Ceremonies  and 
entertainments  which  had  been  given  at  the  dedicatory 
exercises  in  1903  indicated  a  scale  of  elegance  and 
boundless  hospitality;  in  fact,  hospitality  was  to  be  a 
distinguishing  feature  of  this  great  exposition  at  St. 
Louis.  The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  formed  a  part 
of  the  hospitable  equipment,  welcoming  the  world  to 
the  official  home  of  the  Exposition,  and  were  to  fulfill 
one  of  woman's  missions,  and  entertain  in  a  manner 
and  on  a  scale  harmonious  with  the  greatest  and  most 


316  REPORT 

beautiful  exposition  the  world  had  ever  looked  upon. 
For  these  purposes  the  money  must  be  made  to  last 
throughout  the  seven  months  of  the  coming  Fair.  No 
more  fatal  thing  could  occur  for  the  fair  name  of  the 
Board  than  to  spend  early  and  inconsiderately,  and  to 
be  met  later  with  pecuniary  embarrassments  and  com- 
plications. 

The  estimate  for  the  opening  expenses  of  the  creche 
exceeded  by  some  $16,000  the  sum  appropriated  by 
the  Exposition  Company.  The  members  of  the  Board 
might  have  felt  justified  in  furnishing  this  sum,  but 
there  loomed  before  them  the  vast  bulk  of  losses  which 
must  follow  as  the  result  of  cutting  the  price  from  50 
cents  to  25  cents  on  each  of  the  many  children  to  be 
accommodated  at  the  creche.  It  was  an  enormous 
responsibility. 

Consultation  with  President  Francis  and  some  of 
the  directors  seemed  to  indicate  that  the  saving  to  them 
of  the  promised  $35,000  would  be  very  desirable.  The 
building  was  about  to  be  commenced,  and  only  a  few 
hours  were  granted  the  Board  for  their  decision.  It 
was  obviously  impossible  to  enter  upon  a  work  involv- 
ing great  and  unknown  expense  pregnant  with  such 
possibilities  of  loss  and  failure,  and  so  with  the  deepest 
regret  the  members  of  the  Board  saw  their  cherished 
castle  in  the  air  —  the  beautiful,  useful  creche  —  fade 
and  disappear.  Words  can  hardly  express  the  dis- 
couragements and  heart-sinking  of  the  members  over 
this  failure  of  their  fond  aspirations. 

Mrs.  Ruth  Ashley  Hirschfield  opened  her  Model 
Play-Ground  on  May  23,  1904.  From  the  beginning 
it  seemed  to  meet  the  requirements  in  a  simple  but  direct 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES    317 

and  effective  manner.  So  successful  was  it  that  soon  the 
demands  outgrew  the  accommodations,  and  the  pos- 
sibilities of  extending  the  work  were  such  that  Mrs. 
Hirschfield  welcomed  the  aid  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers.  Very  soon  after  the  opening  of  the  Model 
Play-Ground,  the  President  and  members  of  the  Board 
became  interested,  realizing  its  needs  and  possibilities, 
many  of  which  had  been  carefully  —  even  affectionately 
—  considered  for  a  long  period. 

At  the  July  meeting  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
confer  with  Mrs.  Hirschfield,  and  the  sum  of  $5000 
was  appropriated  for  use  in  the  development  and  care 
of  the  Model  Play-Ground  and  Day  Nursery,  and  a 
special  stipulation  made  regarding  the  care  of  lost 
children.  Arrangements  were  entered  into  as  to  times 
of  payment.  Mrs.  Hirschfield  was  to  have  the  entire 
responsibility;  the  Board  gave  her  their  confidence 
and  hearty  support,  and  five  monthly  payments  of 
$1000  each. 

Results  proved  the  soundness  of  the  theories  as  well 
as  the  administration  of  Mrs.  Hirschfield,  and  no 
appropriation  could  have  been  more  advantageously 
applied. 

It  gives  me  the  greatest  satisfaction  to  report  that  the 
money  appropriated  filled  a  distinct  need  and  enabled 
Mrs.  Hirschfield  to  enlarge  the  scope  and  power  of  her 
work  up  to  the  very  day  that  the  Fair  closed  its  doors, 
on  December  2,  1904.  It  seemed,  indeed,  to  meet  every 
want,  and  no  child  was  ever  turned  from  its  hospitable 
doors.  To  this  bright  and  happy  spot,  parents  could 
bring  their  children,  even  wee  babies,  and  be  them- 
selves free  to  go  unencumbered,  and  enjoy  the  beauties 


318  REPORT 

and  wonders  spread  so  lavishly  before  them,  and  happy 
in  the  consciousness  that  their  little  ones  were  receiving 
the  tenderest  care,  and  were  undoubtedly  enjoying  the 
many  comforts  and  attractions  provided  for  their  wel- 
fare and  entertainment.  Here  the  wage-earner  at  the 
Fair  could  bring  her  little  child,  leaving  it  with  the  same 
cheerful  confidence.  This  also  was  the  haven  for  lost 
children  who  were  brought  there  by  the  police,  or  by 
members  of  the  Jefferson  Guard,  and  here  were  they 
found  by  their  distracted  parents,  or  from  here  they 
were  sent  to  their  own  abodes  under  safe  escort. 

The  care  of  lost  children  began  on  June  6,  when  the 
first  lost  child  was  brought  to  the  Play-Ground.  The 
system  of  caring  for  lost  children  was  as  follows :  Lost 
children  found  by  members  of  the  Jefferson  Guard  or 
the  police  were  brought  to  the  Model  Play-Ground 
according  to  orders  received  from  headquarters.  Every 
child  brought  in  was  recorded,  and  an  aluminum  tag 
bearing  a  certain  number  was  attached  to  each.  They 
were  cared  for  and  entertained,  and  had  all  the  privi- 
leges accorded  to  children  who  were  registered  by  their 
parents.  After  being  recorded,  they  were  handed  over 
to  the  matron  to  be  washed  and  fed  and  given  all  neces- 
sary attention.  They  were  then  induced  to  join  groups 
of  other  children  of  their  own  age.  As  a  rule  they  quickly 
forgot  their  sorrows  in  play.  They  were  not  permitted 
to  leave  the  Play- Ground  until  called  for  or  sent  home. 
If  not  called  for,  they  were  escorted  to  their  homes,  or, 
in  case  of  children  of  sufficient  age  and  intelligence,  to 
the  car,  by  the  attendants  of  the  Play-Ground.  Parents 
inquiring  for  lost  children  were  directed  to  this  place 
by  guards  and  police.  If  the  child  had  not  yet  been 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES   319 

brought  in,  the  inquirer  was  informed  the  child  would 
be  taken  care  of.  The  telephone  and  electric  service 
proved  of  great  assistance.  The  system  kept  track  not 
only  of  those  who  were  brought  in,  but  also  of  those  who 
were  reported  lost,  and  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion should  have  credit  for  a  "Lost  Children  System" 
so  complete  that  children  separated  from  parents  or 
escorts  were  restored  to  them  in  every  case.  "The 
method  used  for  the  care  of  lost  children  is  the  most 
complete  and  far-reaching  system  that  has  yet  been 
devised  for  the  use  of  any  world's  fair."  (World's  Fair 
Bulletin,  September,  1904.) 

Mrs.  Hirscihfield  gave  the  following  gratifying  state- 
ment in  her  September  report :  — 

The  $5000  appropriated  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Man- 
agers has  assisted  very  materially  in  the  ability  to  handle 
the  increasing  number  of  lost  children,  the  fund  en- 
abling the  Play-Ground  to  employ  a  larger  number 
of  trained  assistants,  and  to  add  many  and  attractive 
features. 

The  expense  incurred  in  the  care  of  infants  and  lost 
children  was  not  contemplated  in  the  original  play- 
ground plan. 

The  accommodations  for  the  children  included  bath- 
ing and  laundry  facilities  ;  clothing  was  furnished  in 
some  instances ;  two  luncheons  were  served  daily ;  kinder- 
garten classes  were  held  morning  and  afternoon;  ath- 
letic exercises  and  baths  were  furnished,  and  many  were 
the  children,  boys  particularly,  who  thus  enjoyed  luxu- 
ries not  otherwise  obtainable. 


320  REPORT 

Among  the  children  attending  the  classes  were  a  num- 
ber who  came  regularly,  including  children  admitted 
free,  whose  parents  were  employed  in  the  Exposition 
Grounds.  The  fee  charged  to  parents  who  left  their  chil- 
dren to  be  cared  for  was,  except  in  the  case  of  small 
infants,  25  cents  a  day.  For  babies  requiring  the  service 
of  trained  nurses,  50  cents.  In  the  case  of  parents  too  poor 
to  pay,  no  charge  was  made. 

The  ages  of  the  children  ranged  from  2  weeks  to  14 
years.  The  number  cared  for  by  months  was  as  follows : 

May  and  June,  483;  July,  864;  August,  1160;  Sep- 
tember, 1732;  October,  1922;  November,  1189;  mak- 
ing a  total  of  7350. 

The  number  of  lost  children  brought  to  the  Play- 
Ground  was:  in  June,  94;  July,  132;  August,  328; 
September,  248;  October,  209;  November,  156;  total, 
1166. 

Children  admitted  free  were  newsboys,  office  boys, 
messenger  boys,  all  children  earning  their  living,  or 
whose  parents  were  employed  within  the  Exposition 
Grounds;  many  of  these  came  regularly.  The  hospi- 
tality of  the  Play-Ground  was  also  open  to  the  children 
of  the  orphan  asylums  and  other  charitable  institutions, 
and  to  the  children  of  the  City  Play-Ground  and  kin- 
dergartens. 

The  number  of  children  admitted  free  was,  in  May 
and  June,  336;  July,  554;  August,  8616;  September, 
3916;  October,  1789;  November,  5700. 

On  November  2,  the  children  of  all  nations  were  re- 
ceived by  Miss  Helen  M.  Gould,  who  gave  a  souvenir 
to  each  child. 

On  November  24,  the  children  of  all  nations  attended 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES   321 

Thanksgiving  dinner  and  ceremonies  at  the  Play- 
Ground.  326  children  were  seated  at  the  tables.  After 
dinner  they  played  and  enjoyed  the  many  features  pro- 
vided for  their  amusement.  Every  child  took  home 
a  box  of  dainties  and  a  souvenir  of  Thanksgiving  Day, 
—  that  traditional  New  England  festivity.  A  member 
of  the  National  Commission  planned  the  affair,  and  it 
proved  a  notable  success.  Children  of  twenty-eight  na- 
tionalities or  tribes  were  gathered  on  the  Play-Ground 
at  one  time.  No  such  representation  ever  took  place  be- 
fore, or  was  possible,  except  at  the  Model  Play-Ground 
and  Day  Nursery  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion. 

It  continued  to  be  of  service  even  to  the  closing  hour. 
On  December  1,  the  final  day  of  the  fair,  48  children, 
of  whom  19  were  less  than  one  year  old,  were  checked; 
2000  children  were  admitted  free  of  charge,  and  31  lost 
children  were  cared  for  and  returned  in  safety  to  their 
homes  or  guardians. 

In  reviewing  the  experiences  of  the  Fair,  it  is  gratify- 
ing to  realize  that  although  the  members  of  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  were  not  able  to  carry  out  one  of 
their  most  cherished  desires,  and  suffered  keen  disap- 
pointment in  the  abandonment  of  the  creche,  still  they 
had  the  pleasure  of  rendering  material  aid  to  a  beautiful 
work,  for  such  certainly  was  the  Model  Play-Ground 
and  Day  Nursery. 

Mrs.  Hirschfield  states  that  the  assistance  given  by 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  cannot  be  measured,  for 
far  beyond  the  money  value  of  their  appropriation  was 
the  power  of  their  influence,  and  the  interest  aroused 
was  not  alone  for  the  occasion  of  the  Fair,  but  would 


322  REPORT 

reach  far  into  the  future,  affecting  other  undertakings 
of  a  similar  nature. 

On  the  day  following  the  close  of  the  Exposition,  one 
of  the  most  able  of  the  directors  of  the  Exposition  ex- 
pressed his  approval  of  the  course  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers.  As  hostesses  of  the  Fair,  he  complimented 
them  gracefully,  and  for  the  attitude  they  had  been 
obliged  to  take  regarding  the  creche,  of  which  he  had 
been  critical,  he  was  happy  to  say  he  had  become  con- 
verted, and  he  was  convinced  that  the  Board  had  acted 
prudently  and  wisely;  that  undoubtedly  the  attempt  to 
carry  on  the  elaborate  and  expensive  creche  would  have 
ended  in  financial  failure  and  embarrassments;  that 
the  aid  given  Mrs.  Hirschfield  had  made  the  Play- 
Ground  and  Day  Nursery  so  effective  that  it  had  met  all 
needs  in  a  most  acceptable  manner,  and  had  proven  one 
of  the  most  interesting  and  satisfactory  features  of  the 
great  Exposition. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

EMILY  S.  G.  HOLCOMBE,  Chairman. 

HELEN  M.  GOULD. 

FRANCES  MARION  HANGER. 


The  following  is  the  final  Report  of  the  Committee  on 
Entertainment  and  Ceremonies :  — 

To  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition. 

LADIES,  —  The  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Man- 
agers took  possession  of  their  new  building  which  had 
been  completed  and  furnished  and  was  ready  for  occu- 
pancy at  the  time  they  arrived  in  St.  Louis  for  the 


- 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF   COMMITTEES    323 

meeting,  April  28,  which  was  the  first  to  be  held  in  their 
own  house,  and  afforded  them  the  earliest  opportunity 
to  see  the  structure  and  the  result  of  the  work  that  had 
been  done  in  preparing  and  furnishing  it  for  their  use. 

The  first  entertainment  given  by  them  was  in  honor 
of  the  President  and  members  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  Commission  on  the  evening  of  April 
30,  the  official  Opening  Day  of  the  Exposition.  Invited 
to  meet  them  was  the  representative  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  Secretary  Taft,  the  President  of  the 
Exposition  Company  and  Mrs.  Francis,  the  Directors 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company  and 
their  wives,  the  Governors  of  the  States  represented  at 
the  opening  exercises  and  their  wives,  the  Senators, 
and  Members  of  the  House,  representing  the  two  bodies 
of  Congress,  and  other  distinguished  visitors  and  citizens. 
It  was  a  most  brilliant  and  interesting  gathering,  and 
not  only  rounded  out  the  Opening  Day  with  satisfac- 
tion to  all,  but  inaugurated  the  series  of  entertainments 
that  were  to  be  afterwards  given  in  the  Building  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

In  the  argument  of  President  Francis  before  the  Ap- 
propriation Committee,  in  January,  1903,  when  asking 
Congress  to  make  the  additional  loan,  he  said :  — 

We  are  the  nation's  hosts,  as  we  understand  it.  We 
propose  to  entertain  distinguished  people  from  every 
section  of  the  globe.  .  .  .  Bear  in  mind  we  are  enter- 
taining the  guests  of  the  Government,  —  we  think  we 
are  benefiting  the  commerce  of  the  country;  we  think  we 
are  doing  a  patriotic  service  in  commemorating  a  great 
event  and  bringing  all  classes  into  closer  relations, 


324  REPORT 

cementing  the  ties  that  bind  the  different  sections  of 
the  nation,  affording  our  people  opportunity  to  see 
something  of  the  people  and  customs  and  the  resources 
of  our  possessions,  and  on  the  other  hand,  affording 
opportunity  to  those  people  to  become  acquainted  with 
this  great  country. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  on  March  2,  1904,  after 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  had  obtained  the  appro- 
priation from  Congress  that  placed  it  within  its  power  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  its  position,  President  Francis 
was  asked  what  he  thought  would  be  the  pleasure  of 
the  Executive  Committee  that  the  Board  do  with  the 
funds  so  obtained,  as  no  expression  had  been  received 
from  the  Company  as  to  what  special  duty  it  was  anxious 
or  would  like  to  have  the  Board  perform,  to  which  Presi- 
dent Francis  replied,  that  he  "had  not  given  the  matter 
thought,  but  that  the  Board  would  want  to  do  some 
entertaining;  that  the  ladies  were  well  adapted  to  that; 
they  were  experienced  in  that  sort  of  thing  and  knew 
how  to  go  about  it.  That  he  did  not  see  much  they  could 
do  with  the  money  aside  from  entertaining." 

And  thus  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  as  one  of  the 
three  coordinate  bodies  of  the  Exposition,  authorita- 
tively took  its  place  in  the  complex  mechanism  of  the 
great  World's  Fair,  and  accepted  the  responsibility  of 
doing  its  share  of  the  entertainment  on  behalf  of  women. 

What  form  of  government  is  there  at  the  present  time 
that  is  not  dependent  upon  the  household  of  the  Execu- 
tive and  the  homes  of  the  officials  for  the  social  success 
of  an  administration  ?  An  Exposition  on  the  enormous 
scale  of  that  which  existed  in  St.  Louis  partook  in  its 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES    325 

management  for  the  time  being  of  the  nature  of  a  gov- 
ernment; an  executive  and  official  household  was  an 
essential  and  important  factor,  because  the  representa- 
tives of  all  nations  were  to  be  entertained.  As  in  this 
World's  Fair,  the  highest  recognition  was  given  to 
women,  it  was  but  reasonable  that  women  should  be 
appointed  to  take  the  place  set  apart  for  them,  and  to 
perform  such  duties  as  would  be  assigned  to  them,  in 
any  well-regulated  government  and  upon  the  broadest 
scale,  —  their  province  being  that  of  National  Host- 
esses, —  their  privilege  to  extend  a  generous  and  far- 
reaching  hospitality  to  all  official  dignitaries  from  home 
and  abroad  who  visited  the  Exposition. 

Among  the  social  events  occurring  at  the  Building  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  the  following  is  a  list  of 
the  more  prominent  ones  held  during  the  Exposition 
period :  — 

Dinner  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 

Commission  April  30 

Reception  to  Mrs.  Francis,  wife  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Exposition  Company  May  9 

Reception  to  officers  of  Army  and  Navy,  pre- 
sent in  and  around  St.  Louis  at  that  time  May  18 

Luncheon  to  General  Federation  of  Women's 

Clubs  May  19 

Luncheon  to  Miss  Roosevelt  May  31 

Tea  to  Musical  Federation  June     2 

Dinner  to  Prince  Pu  Lun,  the  official  repre- 
sentative to  the  Exposition  of  the  Empress 
An  of  China  June  10 

Reception  to  Foreign  Representatives  at  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  June  17 


326  REPORT 

Reception  to  P.  E.  O.'s  June  18 

Reception  to  Governors,  and  State  and  Ter- 
ritorial Commissioners  at  the  Exposition  June  24 

Dinner  to  Governor  and  Mrs.  Odell,  of  New 
York  June  28 

Visit  of  Cardinal  Satolli  July      1 

Reception  to  Mrs.  Charles  Mercer  Hall  July    12 

Reception  to  Civic  Federation  July    12 

Reception  to  Members  of  Interparliamentary 
Union,  at  which  time  the  Building  was 
draped  with  the  flags  of  all  nations,  and 
the  national  airs  of  the  different  countries 
represented  were  played  by  the  orchestra  Sept.  12 

Reception  to  Mrs.  Sarah  S.  Platt  Decker, 
President  of  the  General  Federation  of 
Women's  Clubs  Sept.  19 

Reception  to  Members  of  the  Congress  of 

Arts  and  Sciences  Sept.  20 

Illustrated  lecture,  —  Italy  and  its  Monu- 
ments,—  by  Professor  Attilio  Brunialti, 
Member  of  the  Italian  Parliament,  Coun- 
cillor of  State  Sept.  22 

Reception  to  Members  of  the  American  Bar 
Association  and  Congress  of  Lawyers  and 
Jurists  Sept.  30 

Reception  to  the  President,  Mrs.  Augustine 
Smythe,  and  officers  and  members  of  the 
United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy  Oct.  7 

Presentation  of  silk  flag  and  staff  to  La  Garde 
Republicaine,  of  Paris,  by  Mrs.  Daniel 
Manning  Oct.  8 

Reception  to  the  President,  Mrs.  Charles  W. 
Fairbanks,  and  officers  and  members  of  the 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES    327 

National  Society  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution  Oct.    11 
Reception  to  the  Governor  of  Connecticut  and 

his  Staff  Oct.    13 

Tea  to  Hostesses  of  State  and  Territorial 

Buildings  Oct.    14 

Reception  to  the  President,  Mrs.  Herbert 
Claiborne,  and  members  National  Society 
Colonial  Dames  of  America  Oct.  20 

An  informal  dance  Oct.    25 

Reception  to  meet  the  President  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Wednesday  Club  of  St.  Louis.       Oct.    29 
Reception  to  meet  the  members  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  Collegiate  Alumnae  Nov.     3 
Reception  to  meet  the  President  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Woman's  Club  of  St.  Louis          Nov.     7 
Informal  dance  Nov.     9 
Dinner  to  President  Francis                                Nov.  12 
Reception  to  Forest  Park  University  students      Nov.  14 
Informal  dance                                                      Nov.  18 
Reception   to    Prince    Fushimi,   the    official 
Representative   to   the  Exposition  of  the 
Mikado  of  Japan                                               Nov.  22 
Dinner  to  Jefferson  Guards,  Thanksgiving 

Day  Nov.  24 

Final  reception  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Man- 
agers on  what  was  known  as  "Francis 
Day,"  in  honor  of  the  President  of  the 
Exposition,  when  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  kept  informal  "open  house" 
and  entertained  all  who  called  on  this,  the 
last  day  of  the  Exposition  Dec.  1 


328  REPORT 

The  members  of  the  Board  met  their  obligations  with 
acceptable  dignity,  offering  cordial  hospitality  to  all  the 
important  bodies  meeting  within  the  Exposition  Grounds. 
Their  Building  was  the  social  centre  around  which 
gathered  the  national  and  international  representatives 
of  governments  and  organizations,  until  more  than 
twenty-five  thousand  persons  received  specific  invita- 
tion to  their  official  entertainments.  And  whether  the 
hospitality  was  extended  to  His  Eminence  the  emis- 
sary of  the  Pope,  or  whether  it  was  a  reception  to  His 
Imperial  Highness  the  representative  of  the  Mikado 
of  Japan,  or  a  dinner  to  the  envoy  of  Empress  An  of 
China,  or  to  the  Governor  of  a  State  and  his  Staff,  or  to 
the  members  of  the  National  Commission,  or  the  officials 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company,  all 
were  welcomed  with  genuine  cordiality,  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  never  failing  to  remember  their  respon- 
sibility and  that  they  were  representing  the  nation  and 
serving  their  country  by  thus  doing  their  share  in  af- 
fording an  opportunity  for  all  nationalities  to  become 
acquainted  with  each  other  and  with  our  social  customs 
as  demonstrated  at  the  Exposition. 

Respectfully  submitted. 
MARY  MARGARETTA  MANNING,  Chairman. 

FANNIE  LOWRY  PORTER, 
BELLE  L.  EVEREST, 


JOSEPHINE  SULLIVAN, 
SALENA  V.  ERNEST, 


M.  K.  DE  YOUNG,  Committee. 

KATHARINE  PRATT  HORTON, 
HELEN  BOICE-HUNSICKER, 
AMELIA  VON  MAYHOFF, 


Members 
of 


FINAL  REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES    329 

On  December  2  the  last  session  of  the  Board  was 
held  in  the  building  which  it  had  occupied  during  all 
the  months  of  the  Exposition,  and  it  was  with  a  feeling 
of  genuine  regret  that  the  members  separated  never  to 
meet  again  in  their  house  which  had  been  the  scene  of 
many  interesting  gatherings. 

On  the  day  following  the  official  closing  of  the  Expo- 
sition, the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company 
sent  its  representative  to  make  an  inventory  of  the  fur- 
nishings of  the  building,  preparatory  to  the  dismantling 
of  the  house,  which  was  thereafter  to  be  known  as  the 
Physics  Building  and  to  be  occupied  by  students  of 
Washington  University.  On  December  13,  formal  and 
final  surrender  of  the  building  and  its  contents  was 
made  by  the  President,  on  behalf  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  to  the  Exposition  Company. 


FINAL    MEETING    OF    THE    BOARD,    AND 
TREASURER'S   REPORT 

Immediately  upon  the  adjournment  of  the  Board,  the 
President  began  to  collect  material  for  the  report,  and 
pursuant  to  the  power  given  her  by  the  resolution  at  the 
last  session,  held  in  St.  Louis,  a  special  meeting  was 
called  on  June  9,  1905,  at  the  Murray  Hill  Hotel,  New 
York,  to  pass  upon  the  final  report  of  the  Board. 

There  were  present,  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  President, 
presiding,  Mrs.  Buchwalter,  Mrs.  Hanger,  Acting  Sec- 
retary, Mrs.  Knott,  Mrs.  Daly,  Mrs.  Holcombe,  Mrs. 
Ernest,  Mrs.  Moores,  Mrs.  Coleman,  Mrs.  Hunsicker, 
Miss  Dawes,  Miss  Egan. 

The  report  was  to  be  transmitted  to  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition  Commission,  whose  final  meeting 
was  called  at  Portland,  Oregon,  for  June  15.  It  was, 
therefore,  necessary  that  the  report  of  the  Board  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  the  Commission  by  that  time. 

Final  reports  were  made  by  special  committees  and 
the  Treasurer.  A  resolution  adopted  on  November  14, 
1904,  provided  for  the  editing  of  the  Minutes  of  the 
Board,  by  the  following  Committee:  Mrs.  Frederick 
Hanger,  Chairman,  Mrs.  Finis  P.  Ernest,  and  Miss 
Anna  L.  Dawes.  At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  on 
June  10,  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  reported  that 
the  stenographic  reports  of  the  proceedings  of  the  ten 
meetings  of  the  Board,  covering  about  seven  hundred 
typewritten  pages,  had  been  carefully  edited;  that  all 
motions  and  resolutions  had  been  retained  inviolate, 
that  these  with  roll-call,  time  and  place  of  meeting, 


FINAL  MEETING  OF  THE  BOARD    331 

and  in  some  instances  limited  discussion,  made  up  the 
subject-matter  of  the  Minutes,  the  same  covering  some 
two  hundred  and  forty  typewritten  pages.  The  report 
of  the  Editing  Committee  was  adopted,  the  Minutes 
accepted,  and  ordered  placed  on  file  with  the  archives 
of  the  Board. 

A  Committee  on  Resolutions,  consisting  of  Mrs. 
Edward  L.  Buchwalter  and  Mrs.  Richard  W.  Knott, 
presented,  as  one  of  the  finalities  of  the  eleventh  meeting 
of  the  Board,  the  following  resolutions,  which  were 
unanimously  adopted :  — 

WHEREAS,  —  The  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
Commission,  by  authority  vested  in  it  by  an  Act  of  Con- 
gress, appointed  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers, 

THEREFORE,  BE  IT  RESOLVED,  —  That  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
expresses  its  appreciation  of  the  high  honor  conferred 
on  its  members  by  their  appointment,  and 

BE  IT  FURTHER  RESOLVED,  —  That  the  thanks  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  be  extended  to  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition  Commission  for  the  privileges 
and  pleasures  it  enjoyed  as  a  Board. 

RESOLVED, — The  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  wish 
to  express  their  appreciation  of  the  courtesy  and  kind- 
ness shown  them  by  the  Exposition  Company  during 
the  Exposition  period. 

RESOLVED, — The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  express 
their  appreciation  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 


332  REPORT 

tion  Company  for  the  commemorative  diplomas  and 
medals  conferred  upon  them  by  the  Exposition  Com- 
pany. 

RESOLVED,  —  The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  wishes  to  express  its 
appreciation  of  its  officers  for  their  services,  not  only  in 
their  official  work,  but  in  all  the  duties  that  devolved 
upon  them  as  members  of  the  Board. 

DISBURSEMENTS  MADE  BY  EXPOSITION  COMPANY 

From  December  5,  1901,  to  February  18,  1904. 

By  Act  of  Congress,  March  3,  1901,  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
Company  received  $5,000,000  from  the  Government  and  was  pledged  to 
pay  the  current  expenses  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  Therefore,  the 
following  items  paid  by  the  Company  (which  were  contracted  prior  to 
the  application  by  the  Board  for  an  appropriation)  in  no  wise  constituted 
a  lien  upon  the  $100,000  received  by  the  Board  by  Act  of  Congress,  Feb- 
ruary 18, 1904. 

Mileage  and  per  diem  of  members :  Informal  meet- 
ing N.  Y.,  December  5,  1901;  1st  meeting,  St. 
Louis,  September  30,  1902;  5th  meeting,  St. 
Louis,  December  15,  1903;  called  by  National 
Commission,  $5,623.40 

Mileage  and  per  diem:  meetings    N.  Y.  Novem- 
ber 17,  1902;    February  16,  1903;    St.  Louis, 
April  29, 1903;  and  members  on  Committee  work,      4,886.95 
Expenses  of  Reception  to  Congress  of 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1903,  $666.66 
Mileage  and  per  diem  of  Committee  on 
Reception  to  Congress  of  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  American  Revolution,  315.85        982.51 
Stationery,  printing,  and  rental  of  typewriter,  67.77 
Postage,  telephones,  telegrams,  office  supplies,  60.42 
Clerical,  and  employees'  salaries,                                  2,076.47 
Street  cars  chartered  by  Exposition  Company,                 390.00  $14,087.52 


TREASURER'S  REPORT  333 

AMOUNTS    PLEDGED,    BUT    NOT    PAID    BY    EXPOSITION 
COMPANY 

Until  after  February  18,  1904. 

Amount  forward,  $14,087.52 

Mileage   and   per    diem,    meeting    March    1,   to 

March  5,  1904,  $2,044.90 

Stenographic  work,  408.00 

Secretary's  salary,  203.24 

Furniture  and  decoration,  $1,484.97 

Work  done   in  Physics    Building,  by 
Bright  (included  in  House  Furnish- 
ing Report),  728.34      2,213.31 
Work  done  in  Physics  Building,  by  Williams,  845.00 
Office  supplies,  telegrams,  postage,  13.79 
Street  cars  chartered  by  Exposition  Company,                     73.75 
Official  Photographic  Company  (unauthorized  by 
President  Board  of  Lady  Managers),                             80.00      5,381.99 

$19,469.51 

Mrs.  William  H.  Coleman  was  elected  Treasurer  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  at  its  first  formal  meet- 
ing, held  on  October  1,  1902. 

The  first  appropriation  received  was  from  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company,  and  was 
for  the  sum  of  $3000  for  incidental  expenses.  On  Feb- 
ruary 18,  1904,  the  appropriation  of  $100,000  for  the 
use  of  the  Board  was  made  by  Congress,  at  which  time 
the  real  responsibilities  of  the  Treasurer  began. 

The  duties  of  the  Treasurer  were  fully  defined  in 
Rule  6  of  the  Rules  and  Regulations  adopted  by  the 
Board  on  April  28,  1903,  and  the  custody  of  all  funds 
was  placed  in  her  hands,  to  be  disbursed  "only  upon 
order  of  the  Board  and  the  approval  of  its  President." 

At  the  meeting  called  for  June  9,  1905,  the  last  report 
of  the  Treasurer  was  read,  the  following  being  the  final 
summary  of  all  funds  received  and  disbursed  by  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers :  — 


334 


REPORT 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  LADY 
MANAGERS  LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION 
From  March  17,  1903,  to  June  10,  1905. 

RECEIPTS 
Received  from  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 

Company,  by  appropriation  of  February  16, 

1903 
Received  from  appropriation  of  Congress  by 

Act  of  February  18,  1904 
Received  interest  on  $100,000  acct. 


DISBURSEMENTS 

Tinting  walls,  staining  floors,  heating  appar- 
atus, wiring  for  bells,  awnings,  screens  and 
plumbing 

From  $100,000  $2,263.32 

From        3,000  64.30 

Furniture,  china,  linen,  freight  and  packing 
charges 

From  $100,000  $11,692.65 

From        3,000  652.25 

Mileage  and  per  diem,  Board  Meetings,  and 
Rotating  Committees,  paid  from  all  sources 
Entertainment 

Stationery,  engraving,  and  printing 
Postage  and  telegrams 
Telephones 

Clerical  and  household  force  expenses 
Office  incidentals 
House  incidentals 
Other  incidentals 
Model  Play-Ground 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  resolution  June  10, 
1905,  in  payment 

Total  disbursements 
Less  returned  from 

Incidental  account 

Grand  total  of  all  disbursements  to  June  10, 1905 
Balance  in  hands  of  Treasurer  June  10, 1905 


$3,000.00 

100,000.00 
1,502.29 

$104,502.29 


$2,327.62 


12,344.90 

30,272.76 

10,672.85 

5,906.15 

1,196.94 

281.24 
5,096,17 

274.14 
1,007.84 
2,255.77 
5,100.00 

2,000.00 
$78,736.38 

900.75 
$77,835.63 
26,666.66  $104,502.29 


SALLIE  D.  COLEMAN,  Treasurer  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 


REPORT  OF  AUDITING  COMMITTEE    335 

SUPPLEMENTARY   REPORT 

Amount  brought  forward  from  the  Treas- 
urer's Report  as  Balance  in  hands  of 
Treasurer  June  10,  1905,  which  is  the 
amount  returned  to  the  Exposition 
Company  by  the  Board  of  Lady  Mana- 
gers, from  all  funds,  $26,666.66 

To  the  above  amount  returned  to  Ex- 
position Company,  is  to  be  added  as 
a  credit  the  sum  paid  to  the  Company 
in  cash  on  December  14,  1904,  for 
furniture  and  articles  purchased  by  the 
members  of  the  Board,  amounting  to  2,150.00 

Making  the  total  amount  returned  to  the     

Exposition  Company  from  all  sources         $28,816.66 

REPORT  OF  AUDITING   COMMITTEE 

The  Auditing  Committee,  composed  of  Mrs.  William 
E.  Andrews,  Chairman,  Mrs.  Mary  Phelps  Montgomery, 
and  Mrs.  Finis  P.  Ernest,  was  elected  by  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  March  4,  1904,  for  the  purpose  of 
examining  and  auditing  the  accounts  of  the  Treasurer, 
Mrs.  William  H.  Coleman. 

The  Committee  met  at  stated  intervals,  and  examined 
the  vouchers  and  checks  numbered  1  to  253  inclusive, 
and  reported  that  these  were  found  to  be  correct  and 
accounted  fully  for  all  moneys  received  by  the  Treas- 
urer to  that  date,  and  this  report  was  accepted. 

The  Exposition  closed  on  December  1,  and  the  Audit- 
ing Committee  was  not  again  called  until  the  time  for 
rendering  a  final  account  of  the  funds  of  the  Board.  At 


336 


REPORT 


this  time  the  absence  of  the  Chairman,  Mrs.  Andrews, 
and  Mrs.  Montgomery,  necessitated  the  appointment 
of  two  other  members  to  fill  said  vacancies,  in  order  to 
audit  the  bills  contracted  by  the  Board  from  Novem- 
ber 1,  1904,  to  June  10,  1905.  Mrs.  Hanger  and  Mrs. 
Knott  were  thereupon  elected.  Mrs.  Montgomery  ar- 
riving later,  Mrs.  Hanger  withdrew  from  the  Com- 
mittee, leaving  the  membership:  Mrs.  Ernest,  Chair- 
man, Mrs.  Montgomery,  and  Mrs.  Knott,  —  all  present. 
On  June  12  and  subsequently,  this  Committee  met 
and  examined  the  vouchers  and  checks  from  Novem- 
ber 1,  1904,  to  June  10,  1905,  inclusive,  and  found  the 
accounts  between  the  above  mentioned  dates  to  be 
correct. 


TOTAL  RECEIPTS 

From  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  Company 

From  Appropriation  by  Congress 

Total  interest  received  on  above  $100,000  acct. 

Total  amount  received  from  all  sources 
Total  expended  from    $3,000  $3,000.00 

Total  expended  from  $100,000  74,146.83 

Total  amount  interest  expended  as 

per  resolution  of  June  10  688.80 

Total  expenditures  $77,835.63 

Balance  on  hand  from  interest          $813.49 
Balance  on  hand  from  $100,000 

appropriation  25,853.17 

Balance  on  hand  from  all  sources 


$3,000.00 

100,000.00 

1,502.29 

$104,502.29 


$26,666.66        $104,502.29 


A  certified  public  accountant  has  been  engaged  to 
prepare  a  classified  summary  of  all  receipts  and  dis- 
bursements, and  we  refer  to  the  figures  of  his  report 


ACCOUNTANT'S  REPORT  337 

for  details  and  totals,  which  we  hereby  approve  and 

accept  as  final. 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands 

this  17th  day  of  June,  1905. 

SALENA  V.  ERNEST,  -j  Memberg 

MARY  PHELPS  MONTGOMERY,  I  Auditing 
JENNIE  GILLMORE  KNOTT,       )  Committee. 

ACCOUNTANT'S  EEPOET 

NEW  YORK,  June  16,  1905. 

To  the  President,  and  Auditing  Committee  of  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex- 
position. 

In  accordance  with  your  instructions  I  have  made 
an  examination  of  your  Treasurer's  accounts  from 
March  17,  1903,  to  June  10,  1905,  and  herewith  submit 
to  you  my  report  thereon. 

All  vouchers  covering  the  disbursements  from  the 
appropriation  made  by  Congress  of  One  Hundred 
Thousand  Dollars  ($100,000)  are  in  due  form  and 
properly  approved  and  attested,  vouchers  being  on 
file  for  all  amounts  paid,  each  voucher  containing  a 
"Paid"  check  signed  by  the  Treasurer  and  counter- 
signed by  the  President,  excepting  a  few  which  in  the 
ordinary  course  of  business  have  not  as  yet  been  pre- 
sented at  bank  for  payment. 

All  disbursements  from  the  Three  Thousand  Dollars 
($3,000)  received  from  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition Company,  and  from  the  interest  received  from 
banks,  have  been  made  by  Treasurer's  check,  and  all 
have  been  approved  by  the  President  of  the  Board.  The 
total  disbursements  and  receipts  to  June  10,  are  as 
follows :  — 


338  REPORT 

Total  Amount  Received  by  the  Treasurer  to  June  10, 1905 

From    Louisiana    Purchase    Exposition 

Company  $3,000.00 

From  Congress  100,000.00 

Interest  received  from  banks,  1,502.29 
Total  received  from  all  sources  to  June 

10,  1905,  $104,502.29 

Total  Amount  Disbursed  by  Treasurer  to  June  10, 1905 

From  the  $3,000  received  from  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase  Exposition  Company  $3,000.00 
From  the  appropriation  from  Congress,  74,146.83 
From  the  interest  received  from  banks,  688.80 

Total  disbursed  from   all   sources    to    

June  10,  1905  $77,835.63 

Balance  in  Hands  of  Treasurer  on  June  10,  1905 

From  the  $3,000  received  from  Louisiana 

Purchase  Exposition  Company 
From  the  $100,000  appropriation  from 

Congress,  $25,583.17 

From  interest  received  from  banks,  813.49 

Balance  in  hands  of  Treasurer  June  10,    

1905  $26,666.66 

Respectfully  submitted. 

JOHN  PROUD, 
Certified  Public  Accountant. 


I/ENVOI 

It  has  been  said  that  "an  exposition  should  be  as 
broad  and  comprehensive  as  the  efforts  of  mankind." 
In  all  human  activities  in  recent  years,  advancement 
has  been  so  marvelously  rapid  that  important  exposi- 
tions might  be  held  from  time  to  time  in  which  would 
be  included  nothing  but  inventions,  discoveries,  and 
accomplishments  that  belong  to  the  intervening  epoch- 
making  periods. 

That  all  nations  take  a  deep  interest  in  World's  Fairs 
is  made  manifest  by  the  large  attendance  of  people 
from  all  parts  of  the  globe.  It  is  self-evident  that  they 
appreciate  the  fact  that  most  beneficial  results  may  be 
derived  by  all,  not  only  by  means  of  the  practical  and 
tangible  demonstration  and  comparison  of  objects  as- 
sembled, but  through  the  opportunity  afforded  for  inter- 
change of  thought  so  conspicuously  made  available  to 
advanced  thinkers  and  workers.  And  it  is  hoped  and 
believed  that  in  its  own  time  and  in  its  own  way  each 
exposition  will  accomplish  much  for  the  good  of  both 
men  and  women  of  every  country. 

It  would  seem  from  the  division  of  work  as  shown  at 
the  Exposition  by  the  Filipinos  and  the  Indian  tribes 
that  women  have  not  only,  from  the  remotest  times  of 
which  we  have  record,  originated  and  practiced  most 
of  the  industrial  arts;  but,  among  primitive  nations, 
they  still  continue  to  ply  the  same  occupations.  The 
exhibits  showed  that  the  work  of  the  men  was  still  that 
of  the  hunter  and  trapper,  —  while  the  Filipino  woman, 
who  sat  on  the  floor  making  cotton  cloth,  would  indicate 


340  REPORT 

that  it  had  fallen  to  the  share  of  women  not  only  to 
fashion  garments,  but  to  manufacture  the  material  from 
which  they  were  made.  And  was  not  the  stick  which 
she  so  deftly  handled,  upon  which  she  wound  her  thread 
to  carry  the  woof  to  and  fro  transversely  across  the 
warp  of  her  hand-woven  fabric,  the  forerunner  of  the 
swiftly  moving  shuttle  of  to-day  ?  And  if  the  primitive 
woman  made  garments  from  the  skins  which  the  hunter 
brought  home,  and  cooked  the  game  which  he  shot 
or  trapped,  and  originated  the  method  of  cooking  other 
articles  of  food,  —  has  she  not  earned  for  herself  the 
right  to  be  termed  the  first  "  home-maker  "  ?  It  is  true 
the  home  originally  had  to  be  maintained  by  force  of 
arms,  but  when  this  necessity  no  longer  existed,  man, 
"the  protector,"  had  time  to  examine  this  woman- 
made  home;  he  then  put  his  ingenuity  to  work  to  aid 
in  the  increased  demands  large  households  made  upon 
women,  and  invented  and  applied  machinery  to  do  the 
heavy  tasks  that  had  theretofore  been  done  by  them. 
He  found  it  a  vastly  remunerative  occupation,  and 
promptly  removed  her  work  of  spinning,  weaving,  dye- 
ing, and  even  the  making  of  every  kind  of  garment,  and 
the  preparation  of  foods,  to  his  factories. 

Women  did  not  at  first  willingly  accept  the  innova- 
tion, —  their  occupations  were  gone,  —  but,  with  their 
usual  adaptability,  they  quickly  invented  new  ones. 
They  now  had  time  and  opportunity  to  acquire  educa- 
tion, enter  the  professions,  and  prepare  themselves  to 
take  their  equal  place  by  the  side  of  men. 

President  Francis,  in  his  address  on  Opening  Day, 
said  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition:  "So 
thoroughly  does  it  represent  the  world's  civilization 


L'ENVOI  341 

that  if  all  man's  other  works  were,  by  some  unspeak- 
able catastrophe,  blotted  out,  the  records  here  estab- 
lished by  the  assembled  nations  would  afford  all  neces- 
sary standards  for  the  rebuilding  of  our  entire  civili- 
zation;" and  at  this  great  exposition,  by  the  elimination 
of  the  special  Woman1  s  Department,  the  exhibits  of  wo- 
man's work  for  the  first  time  in  this  country  stood  solely 
and  independently  by  the  side  of  the  exhibits  by  men; 
the  industrial  equality  and  the  value  of  the  contribu- 
tions to  the  industries,  sciences,  and  arts  of  both  were 
judged  by  the  same  standards.  Let  no  concern,  there- 
fore, be  felt  as  to  the  future  advancement  of  women. 
Their  strength  and  powers  have  been  tested;  the  new 
era  upon  which  they  entered  but  a  few  years  ago,  under 
the  leadership  of  the  women  of  America,  is  now  far 
advanced  for  the  women  of  all  nations  in  every  country; 
their  undeniable  right  to  education  and  training  is 
being  acknowledged;  their  consequent  recognition  as 
a  factor  for  increased  usefulness  is  being  accorded,  and 
their  development  is  swift,  —  their  progress  sure. 

The  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  is  passing  into 
the  realm  wherein  lies  f orgetf ulness ;  its  beauties  are 
even  now  fading  from  the  memories  of  its  millions  of 
visitors.  The  buildings  have  been  razed,  and  the  broad 
acres  it  covered  have  been  laid  waste;  the  labor  of 
years,  the  result  of  thought,  perseverance,  patience, 
energy,  and  untiring  application  on  the  part  of  hun- 
dreds of  its  promoters  and  workers,  already  seems  as 
intangible  as  a  dream.  But  the  things  for  which  these 
buildings  stood,  the  intellectual,  moral,  and  material 
prosperity  which  they  expressed,  are  real,  lasting,  and 
glorious.  These  are  permanently  recorded  in  history. 


342  REPORT 

And  forming  an  important  part  of  these  records  is  the 
work  of  woman. 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  this  vast  World's 
Fair  earnestly  hopes  that  at  every  future  exposition 
woman  may  be  accorded  the  dignified  position  which 
she  has  so  splendidly  earned  by  her  own  endeavors,  and 
that  each  time  a  resume  of  her  work  achieved  is  re- 
corded, new  fields  of  usefulness  may  be  found  added 
thereto.  No  fear  need  be  entertained  that  she  will  not 
always  demonstrate  that  she  does  contribute  her  full 
share  toward  the  progress  and  prosperity  of  nations 
and  the  uplifting  of  humanity. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Accountant,  report  of,  337,  338. 

Act  creating  the  Board  of  Lady  Man- 
agers, 14. 

Addaxns,  Miss  Jane,  report  of,  on 
Housing  of  the  Working  Classes, 
256,257. 

Advancement  of  women,  23,  24,  32, 
33. 

Agriculture,  report  on,  276,  277. 

Allen,  Hon.  John  M.,  15. 

Allowance  for  expenses,  30,  31,  39, 
41,  77. 

American  Institute  of  Social  Service, 
work  of,  247;  publications  of,  248; 
results,  248,  249. 

Ancient  Sons  and  Daughters  of  Jeru- 
salem, 108. 

Andrews,  Mrs.  William  E.,  15, 18,43, 
44,  74, 133,  374. 

Anthropology,  woman's  work  in,  239. 

Appointment  of  representatives,  39, 
41. 

Appropriations,  54,  75,  78,  85,  86. 

Archaeology,  woman's  work  in,  237. 

Architecture,  school  of,  162. 

Argentina,  school  buildings  of,  162. 

Art  workmanship,  report  on,  199. 

Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae,  133. 

Awards,  Jury  of,  31;  rules  for,  143- 
149. 

Bernays,  Miss  Thekla  M.,  report  of, 

on  manufactures,  267-271. 
Betts,  Hon.  Frederick  A.,  15. 
Bland,  Mrs.  Richard  P.,  report  of,  on 

agriculture,  276,  277. 
Blind,  and  other  defectives,  their  work, 

183. 
Board  of  Lady  Managers,  duties  of, 

44-47;  expenses,  64,  65;  members, 


15;  meetings,  25,  33,  35,  38,  42,47, 

55,  72,  74;  meeting,  final,  330. 
Blair,  Mrs.  James  L.,  15,  40,  42,  43, 

56,  56,  82. 

Bois,  Mr.  Stanley,  commissioner  from 
Ceylon,  311. 

Boston  Cooperative  Society,  medal 
awarded  to,  for  model  housekeep- 
ing, 257. 

Bowes,  Mrs.  F.  K.,  report  of,  on  sew- 
ing-machines, etc.,  207,  208. 

Boyd,  Mrs.  Isaac,  report  of,  on  ceram- 
ics, 205. 

Bread  and  pastry,  report  on,  230-282. 

Buchwalter,  Mrs.  Edward  L.,  15,  17, 
43,  53,  55,  61,  62,  82,  87,  100,  115, 
117, 133,  330,  331. 

Building,  permanent,  42. 

Buisson,  B.,  representative  of  the 
French  Government,  156. 

Capital  and  labor,  244,  245. 

Carter,  Hon.  Thomas  H.,  15,  41,  60, 

98;  addresses  by,  25-32,  36-58,  44- 

47,  62-66. 

Ceramics,  report  on,  205. 
Charities  and  Correction,  report  on, 

257-262. 

Children,  lost,  318,  320. 
Circular  to  women  of  Europe,  118. 
Cleveland,  ex-President  Grover,  52. 
Clothing  industries,  report  on,  219. 
Coleman,  Mrs.  William  H.,  15, 17,44, 

72,  82,  87,  330,  332,  337. 
Colleges,  women's,  166,  167. 
Colonial  Dames,  110,  133,  328. 
Collegiate   Alumnae,   Association    of, 

133,  328. 
Committee,  auditing,  335-337 ;  awards, 

289-297;  conference,  43 ;  entertain- 


346 


INDEX 


ment,  322-328;  foreign  relations, 
118-123;  house  furnishing,  123- 
129;  house  (committee),  307-322; 
legislative,  73,  82-86;  special,  21; 
standing,  19,  20;  woman's  work,  43, 
87-117;  women's  congresses,  129- 
133. 

Congress,  International,  103,  104. 

Con  way,  Dr.  J.  J.,  juror,  175. 

Corbin,  Major-General  Henry  C.,  52. 

Council  of  Jewish  women,  108,  133. 

Creche,  the,  78, 114, 115, 312, 314, 315, 
316. 

Curie,  Madame,  discoverer  of  radium, 
175. 

Daly,  Mrs.  Marcus  P.,  15, 18,  19,  98, 
117,  330. 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, 43,  108,  133. 

Daughters  of  Liberty,  108. 

Daughters  of  St.  George,  108. 

Daughters  of  Veterans,  108. 

Dawes,  Miss  Anna  L.,  15,  17,  43,  55, 
56,  59,  62,  98, 123. 

Day,  Mrs.  M.  B.  R.,  report  of,  on 
Pomology,  236. 

Day  Nursery,  116,  312,  318,  323. 

Dedication,  exercises  of,  51-53. 

Defectives,  work  of,  183. 

De  Los  Rios,  Mr.  Morales,  156. 

Design,  Woman's  School  of,  154. 

De  Young,  Mrs.  M.  H.,  15, 17,  19-33, 
98, 117,  329. 

Edgerton,  Mrs.  R.  A.,  report  of,  on 

Decoration  of  Buildings,  204,  205. 
Education,  report  on,  264,  265. 
Egan,  Miss  Lavinia  H.,  16, 18,  19,  43, 

72,  134,  141,  290,  306,  330. 
Ernest,  Mrs.  Finis  P.,  15,  17, 19,  43, 

312,  329,  330,  334,  335. 
Ethnography,  exhibits  in,  243. 
Ethnology,    woman's    work    in,    238, 

239. 
Everest,  Mrs.  Belle  L.,  15, 17, 19,  21, 

329. 
Exhibit,  Educational,  150-155;  Gov- 


ernment,  75 ;   Indian  school,  239; 

Philippine  Islands,  253. 
Exposition  Company,  34,  36,  38,  41, 

69,  65,  66,  76,  79,  81,  128,  290,  295, 

296,  307, 315,  329,  331,  333. 
Exposition,  educational  advantages  of, 

24. 
Expositions,  previous,  work  of  women 

in,  23. 

Farm  equipment,  report  on,  226-229. 

Farming  by  irrigation,  228. 

Felton,   Mrs.   W.   H.,   report  of,  on 

"  Farm  Equipment,"  226-229. 
Field,  Mrs.  Eugene,  Group  Juror,  199. 
Fischel,  Mrs.    W.   E.,  report  of,  on 

Education,  264,  265. 
Fischer,  Miss  Elizabeth,  155. 
Fletcher,  Miss  Alice  C.,  report  of,  on 

Somatology,  237-239. 
Francis,  Hon.  David  R.,  29,  34, 52,  84; 

addresses  by,  30-32,  56-58,  74-78, 

138-140 ;  dinner  in  honor  of,  310, 

324,  328. 

Frost,  Mrs.  Lewis  D.,  15,  18. 
Fruit-farmers,  women,  236. 
Fund,  contingent,  63. 
Fushimi,  Prince,  reception  in  honor  of, 


Garesche*,  Miss  M.  R.,  award  for  paint- 
ing, 153. 

General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs, 
35,  133,  326. 

Geographical  apparatus,  201-205. 

Gibbous,  Cardinal  James,  52. 

Glenn,  Mrs.  J.  M.,  278. 

Glynn,  Hon.  Martin  H.,  15. 

Gould,  Miss  Helen  M.,  15,  17,  19,  21, 
33,  34,  40,  43,  56,  61,  98,  100,  118, 
323. 

Greisheimer,  Miss  Caroline,  report  of, 
on  Social  Economy,  244-255. 

Griswold,  Miss  Edith  J.,  report  of,  on 
Machinery,  271-273. 

Hamlin,  Mrs.  Conde',  report  of,  on 
Municipal  Government,  262,  263. 


INDEX 


347 


Hanger,  Mrs.  Frederick,  15,  17,  19, 

21,  44,  56,  72,  97, 131, 133, 141,290, 

295,  297,  306,  314, 323. 
Harrow,   Mrs.   A.  G.,   report  of,  on 

Clothing  Industries,  219. 
Headquarters,  Permanent,  35. 
Hedleston,  Miss  Florence,  wildflower 

painting  exhibit  by,  153. 
Henderson,  Mrs.   Alice   Palmer,   re- 
port of,  on  Ethnology,  242-249. 
Hill,  Octavia,  work  of,  in  London,  256. 
Historical  data,  1-13. 
Holcombe,  Mrs.  John  M.,  15, 17,  43, 

56, 61, 117,  123,  129,  323,  330. 
Holland,  Mrs.  M.  E.,  detective,  260. 
Horton,  Mrs.  John  Miller,  15,  18,  19, 

21,  43,  329. 
House-furnishing,    expenditure,    124, 

129;  gifts  and  loans  for,  125-127. 
Housing,  Model,  256,  257. 
How,  Mrs.  Eliza  Eads,42,  147. 
Humane  Education  Society,  methods 

and  results,  254. 
Hunsicker,  Mrs.  Helen  Boice-,  15, 17, 

19,43,44,306,329,330. 

Igorrotes,  253. 

Indian  Relics,  242. 

"  International  Day,"  53. 

Inventions  of  women,  272,  273. 

Japan,  charts  and  diagrams,  160. 
Jewish  Women,  Council  of,  108,  133. 
Johnston,  Miss  Frances  B.,  report  of, 

on  Photography,  200. 
Jurors,  list  of,  297-302  ;  department 

jurors,  303-305. 
Jurors,  women,  24. 
Jury  of  Awards,  31;  rules  for,  143- 

149. 
Jusserand,  Ambassador,  53. 

Kindergarten  work,  176. 

King's  Daughters,  108. 

Knights  and  Ladies  of  Honor,  108. 

Knott,  Mrs.  Richard  W.,  15,  17,  40, 

43,  56,  99, 100, 118,  290,  306,  335. 
Krupp,  Fraulein,  model  housing,  256. 


Laces,  report  on,  220,  221. 

Ladies'  Aid  Society  of  the  United 
States,  108. 

Ladies'  Catholic  Benevolent  Associa- 
tion, 110. 

Ladies  of  the  Maccabees,  108. 

Ladies  United  Veteran  Legion,  108. 

L'Envoi,  339-342. 

Letter  of  Transmittal,  1. 

Lincoln,  Mrs.  Alice  N.,  model  hous- 
ing, 257. 

Lindsay,  Hon.  William,  15,  66,  69. 

Longman,  Mrs.  Evylyn  B.,  designer  of 
the  "  Victory,"  178. 

Loomis,  Hon.  Francis  B.,  122. 

Lost  children,  318,  320. 

Loughborough,  Miss  Hope  Fairfax, 
report  of,  on  Education  of  Defect- 
ives, 181-184;  report  on  Electricity. 

Lyte,  Dr.  E.  O.,  156. 

McBride,  Hon.  George  W.,  15. 
McBlair,  Miss  Julia  T.  E.,  hostess,  18, 

310. 

McCall,  Mrs.  John  A.,  15;  resigna- 
tion of,  32. 
MacDougal,  Miss  Anna  G.,  report  of, 

on  Secondary  Education,  163-165. 
Machinery,  report  on,  271-273. 
Major,  Mrs.  William  S.,  report  of,  on 

Wearing  Apparel,  etc.,  222,  223. 
Manning,  Mrs.  Daniel,  1,  15,  17,  19, 

21,  34,  43,  54,  61,  62,  74,  75,  80, 82, 

84, 118,  121, 129, 132, 141, 289, 293, 

295,  329. 
Manual  training,  increasing  in  favor, 

160. 

Manufactures,  report  on,  267-271. 
Massachusetts,  school  exhibit,  152. 
Matthews,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  St.  John, 

report  of,  on  Sculpture,  193-196. 
Miles,  Lieutenant-General  Nelson  A., 

52. 

Miller,  Hon.  John  F.,  15. 
Mines,  report  on,  278-281. 
Mining,  woman's  work  in,  280,  281. 
Minnesota,   educational  exhibit,   152; 

manual  training  in,  165. 


348 


INDEX 


Missionary  Society,  Woman's  Foreign, 

106. 

Model  Play-Ground,  116. 
Montgomery,  Mrs.  James  B.,  15,  18- 

21,  43,  44,  63,  66, 75, 82, 87,  97, 100, 

109,  117, 118, 123,  129. 
Moore,  Mrs.  Philip  U.,  general  report 

of,  286-288. 
Moores,  Mrs.  Annie  McLean,  16,  18, 

19,  43,  118,  330. 
Mothers,  National  Congress  of,  108, 

133. 
Museum,    Philadelphia    Commercial, 

249,  250. 

National  American  Woman  Suffrage 

Association,  108. 
National  Commission,  1,  14,  15,  25, 

26,  30,  34,  38,  40,  44,  52,  54,  59, 

60,  66,  68,  70,  72,  114,  324,  326, 

329. 
National  Congress  of  Mothers,   108, 

133. 

National  Council  of  Women,  108. 
National  League  of  Women  Workers, 

108. 
New  York  City,  sociologic    exhibit, 

153;  night  school  of  art,  181. 
Nurses,    International    Congress    of, 

108. 
Nuttall,  Mrs.  Zelia,  investigations  in 

archseology,  237. 

Officers,  election  of,  33;  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Board,  17. 

Ojeda,  Senor  Don  Emilio,  53. 

Opening  Day,  festivities  of,  135. 

Opportunity  of  the  Exposition,  23,  32, 
33. 

Organization  of  the  Board,  25. 

Paintings  and  drawings,  185-188. 

P.  E.  C.  Sisterhood,  108. 

Perry,    Miss    Mary    E.,    report    of, 

on  Charities  and  Correction,  257- 

262. 
Peters,  Miss  Cora,  report  of,  on  Indian 

Education,  242. 


Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum, 
249,260. 

Photograph,  importance  of,  in  an  edu- 
cational exhibit,  160. 

Photography,  report  on,  200. 

Pioneers,  sacrifices  of,  32. 

Pomology,  report  on,  236. 

Porter,  Mrs.  Fannie  B.,  15, 17,  19,  33, 
44, 141. 

Potter,  Bishop  Henry  C.,  52. 

Proctor,  Hon.  John  R.,  statistics  of 
woman's  work  in  Government  de- 
partments, 88,  89. 

Pugh,  Mrs.  F.  H.,  report  of,  on  Bread 
and  Pastry,  230-232. 

Pu  Lun,  Prince,  dinner  in  honor  of, 


Receptions,  33,  43,  52,  72. 

Relief  Corps,  Woman's,  108,  133. 

Resolutions,  34,  38,  53,  54,  55,  58,  59, 
74,  79,  140,  313,  314,  331. 

Rhode  Island,  school  exhibit,  152. 

Richards,  Mrs.  Ellen  C.,  expert  in  san- 
itary chemistry,  176. 

Riley,  Mrs.  C.  M.  F.,  report  of,  on 
"  Sugar  and  Confectionery,"  233- 
235. 

Roebling,  Mrs.  Washington  A.,  15, 47. 

Rogers,  Dr.  Howard  J.,  in  charge  of 
the  congresses,  109,  111. 

Roosevelt,  Miss  Alice,  luncheon  in 
honor  of,  309,  326. 

Roosevelt,  President  Theodore,  52; 
orders  statistical  information  for 
Woman's  Work  Committee,  89. 

Roosevelt,  Mrs.  Theodore,  picture  of, 
presented,  125. 

Rules  and  regulations,  26-28,  47-51. 

St.  Louis,  60,  67  ;  school  exhibit,  153. 
Salvation  Army,  its  beginning,  251 ; 

its  progress,  252. 
School,  French  industrial,  154. 
Schoolhouse,  portable,  162. 
School  of  architecture,  162. 
Schools,  movement  to  centralize,  162  ; 

county,  163. 


INDEX 


Scientific  research,  woman's  work  in, 
172,  178, 179. 

Scrutchin,  Mrs.  M.  G.,  report  of,  on 
Mines,  278-281. 

Sculpture,  report  on,  193-196. 

Secretary,  election  of  first,  33  ;  re- 
signation of  first,  72  ;  election  of 
second,  72  ;  appointment  of  third, 
135. 

Sewing,  report  on,  207-208. 

Sirwell,  Miss  S.  E.,  award,  153. 

Skiff,  Hon.  F.  J.  V.,  69, 101 ;  address 
by,  103-105. 

Sloyd,  in  Sweden's  exhibit,  162. 

Smith,  Miss  Anna  Tolman,  report  of, 
on  educational  exhibit,  150-155. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Horace  S.,  200. 

Social  Economy,  exhibits  in,  243  ;  re- 
port on,  244-255. 

Social  events,  list  of,  325-327. 

Solari,  Miss  Mary,  report  of,  on  Faint- 
ings  and  Drawings,  185-188. 

Somatology,  report  on,  237-239. 

Spanish- American  War  nurses,  108. 

Spencer,  Corwin  H.,  42,  100. 

Spinner,  Treasurer,  appointed  first 
woman  to  position  in  Government 
service,  97. 

Stand  for  public  decency  in  the  con- 
cessions for  shows,  34. 

«  State  Day,"  53. 

Stevens,  Walter  B.,  41,  80. 

Sugar  and  confectionery,  report  on, 
233-235. 

Sullivan,  Miss  Annie  E.,  new  method 
of  instructing  defectives,  175. 

Sullivan,  Mrs.  James  Edmund,  16, 
17,  21,  34,  329. 

Sullivan,  Lottie,  deaf  and  blind  girl, 
award  to,  for  aptitude  and  progress, 
183. 

Summers,  Miss  Margaret,  report  of,  on 
"Wearing  Apparel,"  etc.,  223-225. 

Surgery,  woman's  work  in,  179. 

Tawney,  Hon.  James  H.,  83. 
Teachers,  proportion  of  women,  151. 
Temple,  Miss  Grace  Lincoln,  designer 


of  interior  decorations  of  the  Gov- 
ernment Building,  178. 

Temple,  Miss  Mary  Boyce,  report  of, 
on  Higher  Education,  165-180. 

Thompson,  W.  H.,  80. 

Thurston,  Hon.  John  M.,  15;  address, 
70-72. 

Transportation,  report  on,  275,  276. 

Treasurer,  report,  334;  supplementary 
report,  335. 

Union,  International  Ladies'  Garment 

Workers',  108. 
United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy, 

108, 133,  327. 
United  States  Daughters  of  1812,110. 

Von  Mayhoff,  Mrs.  Carl,  16,  18,  19, 
34,  118,  329. 

Wade,  Miss  Margaret,  255. 

Wages,  57;  of  women,  89-96. 

Wall-paper,  designs  of,  by  women, 
181. 

War,  Spanish-American,  nurses,  108. 

Washington,  83. 

Washington  University,  78. 

Wearing  apparel,  report  on,  223-225. 

Wednesday  Club,  54. 

Weil's  Band,  courtesy  of,  310. 

Weld,  Miss  Rose,  report  of,  on  Archi- 
tecture, 196-198;  on  Transporta- 
tion, 275,  276. 

Widegren,  Miss  Matilda,  Swedish 
school  exhibit,  154. 

Wildflower  painting  exhibit,  153. 

Wille,  Fran,  designer  of  carpets,  270. 

Woman,  in  scientific  research,  172, 178, 
179;  progress  in  art  displayed  at  St. 
Louis,  177, 178;  in  surgery,  179. 

Woman's  Building,  78. 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
108, 133. 

Woman's  Club,  reception  by,  72. 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society, 
108. 

Woman's  Relief  Corps,  108, 133. 

Woman's  School  of  Design,  154. 


350 


INDEX 


Women's  clubs,  civic  work  of,  263; 

General  Federation  of,  35, 133, 326. 
Women's  colleges,  lists  of,  166,  167; 

exhibits  by,  169, 170. 
Women  fruit-farmers,  236. 
Women,  inventions  of,  272,  273. 
Women  jurors,  24. 
Women  teachers,  proportion  of,  151. 
Wood,  Miss  Carrie,  designer  of  the 

"Missouri,"  178. 


Wood,  Mrs.  E.  D.,  report  of,  on  Laces, 

etc.,  220, 221. 
Woolwine,  Mrs.   W.   M.,  report   of, 

on  apparatus  for  geography,  201- 

204. 

Yandell,  Miss  Enid,  designer  of  the 
"  Daniel  Boone,"  178. 

Young  Women's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, 108. 


H.  O.  HOUGHTON    AND    COMPANY 

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